Unit 6 Key words, Outline, Glorias Key words, and Objectives

Antacids

Basic compounds composed of different combinations of acid-neutralizing ionic salts

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

An acid secreted by the parietal cells in the lining of the stomach that maintains the environment of the stomach at a pH of 1 to 4. Aids in digestion and serves as a barrier to infection.

Mucus Cells

Cells whose function in the stomach is to secrete mucus that serves as a protective mucous coat against the digestive properties of HCl. Also called surface epithelial cells.

Parietal Cells

Cells in the stomach that produce and secrete HCl. These cells are the primary site of action for many of the drugs used to treat acid-related disorders.

Pepsin

An enzyme in the stomach that breaks down protein

Antidiarrheal Drugs

drugs that counter or combat diarrhea

Constipation

A condition of abnormally infrequent and difficult passage of feces through the lower gastrointestinal tract.

Diarrhea

The abnormally frequent passage of loose stools

Laxatives

Drugs that promote bowel evacuation, as by increasing the bulk of the feces, softening the stool, or lubricating the intestinal wall.

Antiemetic Drugs

Drugs given to relieve nausea and vomiting

Emesis

The forcible emptying or expulsion of gastric and, occasionally, intestinal contents through the mouth; also called vomiting.

Nausea

Sensation often leading to the urge to vomit

Vomiting Center

The area of the brain that is involved in stimulating the physiologic events that lead to nausea and vomiting.

Enzymes

Specialized proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins that can be dissolved (are soluble) in fat

Minerals

Inorganic substances that are ingested and attach to enzymes or other organic molecules

Vitamins

Organic compounds essential in small quantities for normal physiologic and metabolic functioning of the body.

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins that can be dissolved (are soluble) in water

Erythrocytes

Another name for red blood cells (RBCs)

Hemoglobin

A complex protein-iron compound in the blood that carries oxygen to the cells from the lungs and carbon dioxide away from the cells to the lungs

Anemia

A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume.

Hemolytic Anemias

Anemias resulting from excessive destruction of erythrocytes

Pernicious Anemia

A type of megaloblastic anemia usually seen in older adults and caused by impaired intestinal absorption of vitamin b12 (cyanocobalamin) due to lack of intrinsic factor

Enteral Nutrition

The provision of food or nutrients via the gastrointestinal tract, either naturally by eating or through a feeding tube in patients who are unable to eat

Parenteral Nutrition

The administration of nutrients by a route other than through the alimentary canal, such as intravenously. Peripheral or central venous catheter

Total Parenteral Nutrition

The intravenous administration of the total nutrient requirement of the patient with gastrointestinal dysfunction, accomplished via a peripheral or central venous catheter

Enteral Nutrition Supplements

Nutrients given in the gastrointestinal tract that are meant to be given to the body as nutrients. This allows for absorption, metabolism, and excretion.

Parenteral Nutrition Supplements

Nutrients given intravenously this mostly supports the bodies circulation. The body bypasses the absorption, metabolism, and excretion due to the Intravenous route.

Acne Vulgaris

A chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous gland of the skin, involving lesions such as papules and pustules ("pimples" or "comedones"); referred to in this chapter as acne

Basal Cell Carcinoma

The most common form of skin cancer; it arises from epidermal cells known as basal cells and is rarely metastatic

Cellulitis

An acute, diffuse, spreading infection involving the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and sometimes muscle as well. It is usually caused by infection of a wound with streptococcus or staphylococcus species.

Glaucoma

An abnormal condition of elevated pressure within an eye because of obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor

Intraocular Pressure

The pressure of the fluids of the eye against the tunics (retina, choroid, and sclera)

Miotics

Drugs that constrict the pupil

Tears

Watery saline or alkaline fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands to moisten the conjunctiva

Cerumen

A yellowish or brownish waxy excretion produced by modified sweat glands in the external ear canal. Also called earwax

Otitis Externa

Inflammation or infection of the external auditory canal

Otitis Media (OM)

inflammation or infection of the middle ear

Glaucoma eye drops normal side effects

Blurred vision, drug-induced myopia (nearsightedness)

- Burning, stinging (expected); goes away quickly, keep using

Classification of Alcon (pilocarpine)

Direct-acting miotic/cholinergic

First line treatment of acne

Benzoyl peroxide

- Pulls out O2 to kill bacteria

Otic antibiotics treat what

Ear problems

Use of sunscreen for prophylaxis

Skin damage caused by UV radiation of sunlight

Purpose of carbamide peroxide (Debrox) eardrops

Loosens Earwax emulsifier

Purpose of clotrimazole (Lotrimin AF)

Candidiasis and dermatophytosis

- Fungal infections

Imodium used for

Diarrhea

Drug class of diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil)

Opiate bowel disorder drug

Adverse effects of Tetracaine (amethocaine)

Stinging, burning, redness, lacrimation, and blurred vision

Vitamin needed for calcium absorption

Vitamin D

Adverse effects of calcium salts

Hypercalcemia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, kidney stones, metabolic alkalosis

Side effects of benzoyl peroxide

Peeling, red skin, sensation of warmth, blistering, and swelling

Purpose and drug class of timolol (Timolide)

It is a beta-adrenergic blocker used for decreasing intraocular pressure

Purpose for omeprazole (Prilosec)

GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), erosive esophagitis, ulcers, and gastric hypersecretory conditions

PPI: proton pump inhibitor

stomach secretes

HCL, Pepsinogen, mucus, bicarbonate, intrinsic factor, and prostaglandins

Pepsinogen

Secreted by chief cells, is a precursor to pepsin

Mucus

protects stomach lining

Bicarbonate

a base that is a natural mechanism to prevent hyperacidity

Vitamin C deficiency symptoms

Results in the nutritional disease called scurvy. Scurvy is characterized by weakness, edema, gingivitis, bleeding gums, loss of teeth, anemia, bone lesions, delayed healing of bones and hardening of leg muscles.

Intrinsic Factor

A glycoprotein that facilitates gastric absorption of vitamin B12

Prostaglandins

Found in high concentrations in the gastric mucosa and gastric juices. Have a variety of anti-inflammatory and protective functions.

Essential Nutrients for the Body

Carbs, lipids, and proteins (vitamins and minerals are needed to utilize these nutrients)

Types of Vitamin k

Phytonadione (Vitamin K1)

Menaquinone (Vitamin K2)

Menadione (Vitamin K3)

Folic Acid

Not active in the ingested form. It must first be converted to tetrahydrofolic acid.

Aquas Humor

The fluid produced by the eye. It provides nutrition to the eye and maintains eye pressure.

Mydriatics

drugs that dilate the pupil

Esophagostomy

Feeding tube surgically inserted in the esophagus

Gastrostomy

Feeding tube surgically inserted directly in the stomach

Jejunostomy

Feeding tube surgically inserted into the jejunum

Nasoduodenal

Feeding tube place from the nose to the duodenum

Nasojejunal

Feeding tube placed from the nose to the jejunum.

Nasogastric

Feeding tube placed from the nose to the stomach.

Oral

Food delivered by mouth ("normal" eating)

Iron supplements how to take

Best absorbed when taken on an empty stomach with an 8 oz glass of water for adults and 4 oz for children, about 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals. Maybe taken with food or immediately after meals to lessen stomach upset

What should be done after poison ingestion

Poison Control

Ipecac

Dialing 911

Neural Tube Defect and Folic Acid

Neural tube defects occur when the neural tube does not close properly, it forms early in the brain and spine in the prenatal stage. The two most common neural tube defects are spina bifida and anencephaly (a brain defect). If a woman is planning pregnancy she should plan folic acid before pregnancy.

Causes of fluid overload

Hypervolemia can be caused due to heart, kidney, or liver failure. Pregnancy can also be a cause as well as high sodium diets.

Ocular Surgery Drugs

Tetracaine a Topical Anesthetic

Drugs used to treat Ear disorders

Otic Drugs. Specifically Wax-emulsifiers, anti-inflammatory, antifungals, antibacterials, and steroids.