CADV 380 FINAL

What is the null hypothesis (H₀)?

The null hypothesis (H₀) states that there is no effect or no difference, and any observed effect is due to sampling error.

What is the alternative hypothesis (H₁)?

The alternative hypothesis (H₁) states that there is an effect or a difference, indicating that the null hypothesis is false.

What does a p-value tell you?

A p-value represents the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the observed results, given that the null hypothesis is true.

When do you reject the null hypothesis?

You reject the null hypothesis when the p-value is less than the significance level (alpha), indicating statistical significance.

When do you fail to reject the null hypothesis?

You fail to reject the null hypothesis when the p-value is greater than or equal to the significance level (alpha).

If p < alpha, what do you do?

Reject the null hypothesis.

If p > alpha, what do you do?

Fail to reject the null hypothesis.

In any study, what does the null hypothesis always say?

The null hypothesis always states that there is no effect or difference.

In any study, what does the alternative hypothesis always say?

The alternative hypothesis always states that there is an effect or difference.

What is a frequency polygon?

A frequency polygon is a graphical representation of the frequency distribution of a dataset, created by connecting the midpoints of each class interval.

What is the first step to make a frequency polygon?

The first step in creating a frequency polygon is to organize the data into a frequency distribution table.

How do you find the midpoint?

To calculate a class midpoint, take the average of the lower and upper boundaries of each class interval.

What do you plot on the x-axis?

Class midpoints go on the x-axis in a frequency polygon.

What do you plot on the y-axis?

Frequencies or relative frequencies go on the y-axis in a frequency polygon.

What shape should the frequency polygon graph follow?

The graph should form a peak, resembling a hill shape where frequencies rise to a maximum and then fall.

If frequencies go up then down, what should your graph do?

The graph should form a peak, reflecting the rise and fall of frequency counts.

Where is the peak of the graph?

The highest point (peak) of the graph corresponds to the class interval with the highest frequency.

Why do we start and end at 0?

We start and end at 0 to indicate that there are no frequencies outside the range of the data.