Anatomy

Abdom-

Abdomen

Abdomen

Cerebr-, encephal-

Brain

Cyt-

Cell

Gyno-, gyneco-

Woman

Hemat-, hemo-

Blood

Caud-

Tail

Hypo-

Below

Ipsi-

Same

Brady-

Slow

Tachy-

Fast

Sacro-

Flesh like, muscle

-itis

inflammation

-pathy

Disease

-ous

Pertaining to

-cyte

Cells

-ectomy

Removal

-grma

Record of

-megaly

Abnormal enlargement

Arth-

Joint

Cardi-

Heart

Erythr-

Red

Hist-

Tissue

My-

Muscle

Pneum-

Lung

Superior

Top (closest to head)

Inferior

Bottom (near feet)

Anterior

Front

Posterior

Back

Lateral

towards the side

Medial

Towards the middle

Positive Feedback Loop

Amplifies original change

Negative feedback loop

Taking away

Cell Membrane

protective barrier around cell that regulates what can pass in and out

Cell Membrane Structure

Phospholipid Bilayer

Integral Membrane Protein

Channels and cell recognition

Peripheral Membrane Proteins

Attached to internal or external surface of integral protein

Glycoproteins

Protein with carbohydrate attached that aids in cell recognition

Channel Membrane Protein

Allows ions to pass into or out of cell

Receptor

Receives ligand and has a reaction once ligand is received (lock)Li

Ligand

Attaches to receptor to start an interaction

Glycocalyx

Coating on cells formed from glycoprotein and other carbohydrates attached to membrane

Passive Membrane Transport

Requires no energy

Examples of Passive Membrane transport

-Selective permeability

-Diffusion

-Facilitated Diffusion

-Osmosis

Isotonic

Equal parts liquid and concentrate

Hypertonic

More concentrate than liquid

Hypotonic

More liquid than concentrate

Active Membrane Transport

Requires energy from ATP

Examples of Active Membrane Transport

-Sodium-Potassium Pump

-Endocytosis

-Exocytosis

Cytoplasm

Cytosol and organelles

The Endomembrane System

Network of membranes and organelles that work together to produce, package, and transport cellular products

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Synthesis of lipids, stores Ca++

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Lined with Ribosomes, makes proteins and transports said proteins to Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Apparatus

Sorts, modifies, and ships products from ER and also makes lysosomes

(One side receives and one side ships)

Lysosome

Contains enzymes that break down unwanted cellular components

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell (converts energy to ATP)

Peroxisomes

Lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification

Where are the abundance of peroxisomes found?

Liver

Cytoskeleton

Cellular structural support, movement, reproduction, transportation of stuff in cell

Cilia

Move waste material

Flagella

Cell locomotion

Microtubule

Maintains cell shape and structure and resist compression, anchor organelles in cell and made of cilia and flagellum

Microfilaments

Muscle contraction and cell division

Intermediate filaments

Maintain cell shape and structure and resist tension, anchor organelles together in cell and link cells with cell-cell junctions

Nucleus

Largest organelle and the control center, housing all DNA

Nuclear envelope

2 adjacent bilipid layer with pore for passageways for proteins, RNA and solutes

Nucleoplasm

Contains Nucleic acid and nucleolusNu

Nucleolus

Manufactures RNA necessary for constructing ribosomes

Chromatin

DNA and associated proteins (histones)

Histone

Protein that DNA wraps around

Nucleosome

Single wrapped DNA-histone complex

Chromosome

Condensed chromatin during cell division

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA

Nucleotide

Phosphoric acid + 5-carbon sugar + Nitrogenous base

4 Types of Nucleotides

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

Codon

3 nucleotides in a row that signals use of particular amino acid

DNA Function

Carries genetic code that determines structure and function of cell

Ribonucleic Acid

RNA

DNA Replication

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Initiation

2 complementary strands are separated using helicase

Elongation

Each strand becomes a template where a new complementary strand is built using DNA polymerase

Termination

Once 2 OG strands are bound to new strands, replication stops

Gene

~1000 base pairs of DNA that codes for specific protein

What determines the structure and functions of cells?

Proteins

What dictates the protein
synthesis?

RNA

What is copied over as RNA
transcript?

Genes

RNA Function

Transcribe genes from DNA by making a copy

Messenger RNA

Single stranded nucleic acid that leaves
nucleus and manages protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Translate mRNA and make proteins in cytoplasm

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA

tRNA

Transfer RNA

Transcription

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Transcription Initiation

Region at beginning called promoterP

Promoter

A sequence of nucleotides that triggers transcription

Transcription Elongation

RNA Polymerase unwinds DNA segments and aligns DNA strand with correct nucleic acid complement

Transcription Termination

Terminator Sequence causes new RNA to fold up on itself and separate from gene and RNA polymerase

RNA Splicing

Removes non-coding regions from pre-mRNA transcript using spliceosome

Spliceosome

Cuts introns out and allows for greater protein diversity

Intron

Non coding region of RNA

Translation

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Translation Initiation

Ribosome binds to mRNA transcript