peripheral vascular/nutrition & hydration

Peripheral Vascular System

System of arteries veins capillaries and lymphatics that transport blood and fluid throughout the body

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

Disease caused by narrowing of arteries that reduces blood flow to the extremities

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)

General term describing disorders affecting blood vessels outside the heart and brain

Atheroma

Fatty plaque that develops within the wall of an artery

Atherosclerosis

Progressive buildup of plaque within arteries causing narrowing and reduced blood flow

Claudication

Cramping pain in the legs during activity caused by inadequate arterial blood flow

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Formation of a blood clot within a deep vein usually in the legs

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Blockage of a pulmonary artery by a clot that has traveled from another location

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

Condition that includes both DVT and pulmonary embolism

Venous Insufficiency

Failure of venous valves resulting in poor return of blood to the heart

Edema

Accumulation of fluid within tissues causing swelling

Pitting Edema

Edema in which pressure leaves a temporary indentation in the tissue

Lymphedema

Swelling caused by impaired lymphatic drainage

Lymphadenopathy

Abnormal enlargement of lymph nodes

Artery

Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Vein

Blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart

Valve

Structure within veins that prevents backward flow of blood

Inspection

Assessment technique involving observation of skin color hair distribution veins and extremities

Palpation

Assessment technique involving touch to evaluate temperature pulses edema and tenderness

Peripheral Pulse

Palpable arterial pulsation felt at various locations in the body

Pulse Amplitude

Strength of a pulse

Radial Pulse

Pulse located at the wrist

Brachial Pulse

Pulse located in the antecubital area of the arm

Femoral Pulse

Pulse located in the groin

Popliteal Pulse

Pulse located behind the knee

Posterior Tibial Pulse

Pulse located behind the medial malleolus

Dorsalis Pedis Pulse

Pulse located on the top of the foot

Allen Test

Assessment used to evaluate patency of the radial and ulnar arteries

Positive Allen Test

Normal return of hand color indicating adequate arterial blood flow

Ankle Brachial Index (ABI)

Comparison of ankle and brachial systolic blood pressures used to assess arterial circulation

Doppler Ultrasound

Device that uses sound waves to detect blood flow when pulses are difficult to palpate

PAD Findings

Cool skin diminished pulses delayed capillary refill hair loss and claudication

Venous Insufficiency Findings

Edema brown skin discoloration varicose veins and aching pain

Arterial Ulcer

Painful ulcer usually found on toes or pressure points with minimal drainage

Venous Ulcer

Ulcer usually found near the medial ankle with irregular borders and drainage

Capillary Refill

Time required for color to return after blanching a nail bed

Normal Capillary Refill

Return of color within 2 seconds

Lymphatic System

Network that returns excess fluid to circulation and supports immune function

Lymph Nodes

Small structures that filter lymphatic fluid and help fight infection

Normal Lymph Node

Small mobile soft and nontender node

Abnormal Lymph Node

Hard fixed enlarged or tender node

Nutrition

Process by which nutrients in food are transformed into body tissues and provide energy for life functions

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Energy required to maintain basic body functions at rest

Physical Activity Component

Portion of energy expenditure related to movement and exercise

Thermic Effect of Food

Energy used to digest absorb and metabolize food

Nutritional Assessment

Systematic evaluation of nutritional status

Anthropometrics

Measurement of body size weight and proportions used to assess nutrition

Diet History

Information about usual food and beverage intake

Lab Values

Biochemical measurements used to assess nutritional status

Nutrition Education

Teaching aimed at improving dietary habits and health outcomes

24 Hour Diet Recall

Method in which a patient reports all food and beverages consumed during the previous day

Nutrition Screening

Process used to identify individuals at risk for malnutrition

Malnutrition

State of inadequate or unbalanced nutrition affecting health

Undernutrition

Insufficient intake of calories or nutrients to meet body needs

Obesity

Excess accumulation of body fat that increases health risks

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Measurement comparing weight to height used to classify weight status

Subjective Data

Information reported by the patient regarding diet appetite and eating habits

Objective Data

Measurable findings such as weight BMI laboratory values and anthropometric measurements

Dietary Intake Screening

Assessment of food groups and portion sizes consumed by a patient

Hydration Status

Assessment of fluid balance and adequacy of fluid intake

Nutrition Checklist

Tool used to identify nutrition related risk factors

Geriatric Mini Nutritional Assessment

Screening tool used to identify malnutrition risk in older adults

Nursing Health History

Collection of health information that includes dietary and nutritional patterns

Calories

Units of energy obtained from food

Nutrients

Substances in food required for growth maintenance and body function

Carbohydrates

Primary source of energy for the body

Proteins

Nutrients responsible for tissue growth repair and maintenance

Fats

Nutrients that provide concentrated energy and support cell function

Vitamins

Organic compounds required in small amounts for normal body processes

Minerals

Inorganic substances necessary for body structure and function

Hydration

Adequate balance of fluid intake and output necessary for normal body function

Risk Factors for Obesity

Physical inactivity excessive calorie intake genetics and environmental influences

Health Consequences of Obesity

Increased risk for cardiovascular disease diabetes hypertension and other chronic illnesse