Final Anatomy Exam (all)

dorsal body cavity

contains cranial and vertebral cavity

organs: brain and spinal cord

thoracic cavity

contains pleural, mediastinum and pericardial cavity

organs: lungs, esophagus, trachea, and heart

abdominopelvic cavity

contains abdominal and pelvic cavity

organs: abdomen, stomach, kidney, liver, pancreas, intestines, spleen, bladder, ovaries/testes

crural

shin area

sural

calf area

hallux

big toe

pollex

thumb

visceral pleura

covers lung surface and fissures

parietal pleura

lines thoracic cavity

Parietal pericardium

lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium

visceral pericardium

sticks directly to the heart surface

serous cavity

contains serous fluid acting as lubricant and shock absorber

Parietal peritoneum

lines abdominal and pelvic walls

Visceral peritoneum

covers abdominal organs

how is life organized?

1. chemical

2. cellular

3. tissue

4. organ

5. organ system

6. organism

negative feedback

the response reverses the original change and returns the variable toward its set point

positive feedback

the response amplifies the original change and pushes the variable further from its starting point.

what are the layers of thick epithelial tissue from outermost to innermost?

1. stratum corneum

2. stratum lucidum

3. stratum granulosum

4. stratum spinosum

5. stratum basale

tissue membrane

thin sheet of tissue that covers, lines, or separates parts of the body

mucous membrane

• line tubes and organs that open to outside world

• lining of mouth, nose, throat, digestive tract, etc.

cutaneous membrane

found in skin

synovial membrane

found in joint cavities

inflammation

• -itis

• Redness, heat, pain, swelling, and loss of function

what does inflammation do?

• Isolates injured/infected tissue

• Activates mast cells (histamine, heparin)

• Attraction of immune/phagocytic cells to clean up

exocrine glands

• no blood vessels

• has duct

• affects nearby cells

• secretes into duct/surface

• sweat glands, sebaceous glands, etc.

endocrine glands

• has blood vessels

• no duct

• affect cells far away

• secrete directly into blood

• e.g. pituitary gland, thyroid gland, etc.

regeneration

High rate of cell division and replacement

fibrosis

produces scar tissue

skeletal muscle

• long, thin fibers with many nuclei and striations

• voluntary

cardiac muscle

• a network of striated cells with one centrally located nucleus attached by intercalated discs

• involuntary

smooth muscle

• spindle shaped cells with one centrally located nucleus, lacking striations

• involuntary

cyanosis

low oxygenation of blood (bluish grey tint)

diaphoresis

excessive sweating with visible wetness

erythema

dilation of dermal blood vessels

hyperthermia

Abnormally high body temperature (at least 37.2 Celsius)

hypothermia

Abnormally low body temperature (at least 20C below normal body temp)

pallor

constriction of dermal blood vessels (less pink, pale)

what mechanisms help correct hyperthermia?

loss of heat by radiation, convection, conduction, evaporation

what mechanisms help correct hypothermia?

control center signals muscles to contract involuntarily then the muscle activity generates heat

epidermis

• sensation

• protection

• vitamin D synthesis

dermis

• Provides blood supply to the epidermis

• Sensation

• Thermoregulation through blood vessel dilation/constriction

• Houses glands, hair follicles, and receptors

subcutaneous layer

• shock absorption

• insulation

• energy storage

hair

• Protection

• Sensory detection

• Heat retention

nails

• Protect tips of fingers and toes

• Aid in grasping and manipulating objects

sweat glands

• Thermoregulation through sweat evaporation

• Excretion of waste products (urea, salts)

• Moisturizing skin surface

• merocrine

sebaceous glands

• Produce sebum to lubricate skin and hair

• Prevent dryness and cracking

• Provide antibacterial protection

• horocrine

Which layer of the skin contains sweat glands?

dermis

Which layer of the skin contains sebaceous glands?

dermis

How do long bones grow in length?

epiphyseal plate

how does a bone function as a reservoir of calcium?

by storing calcium in mineral form and releasing it when blood levels drop

what hormonal factors affect bone resorption/deposition and calcium uptake/release from

bone?

parathyroid hormone: increases blood calcium

calcitonin: decreases blood calcium

vitamin D: helps increase osteoclast activity and supports resorption

what physiological factors affect bone resorption/deposition and calcium uptake/release from

bone?

exercise: increases osteoblast activity and bone deposition

lack of stress: increases osteoclast activity and decreases bone deposition

skeletal system

• support and protection

• fat storage

• body movement

• blood cell formation

• inorganic salt storage

what is the percentage of organic component in bone?

35%

what is the percentage of inorganic component in bone?

65%

synovial fluid

Lubricates, distributes nutrients, and absorbs shock

Of the 6 types of synovial joints, which affords greatest range of motion?

ball and socket

inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward

eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward

Osteoarthritis

breakdown of articular cartilage in synovial joints

rheumatoid arthritis

Result of autoimmune attack on the joints

endomysium

surrounds muscle fiber

perimysium

surrounds a fascicle

epimysium

surrounds entire muscle

Where is Ca++ stored?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

sarcomere

is the contractile unit of skeletal and cardiac muscle

sliding filament theory

how muscles contract by describing how actin and myosin filaments slide past each other to shorten the sarcomere

what is the mechanism (physiology) and energy sources of muscle contraction?

when a nerve signal causes calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, allowing myosin to pull actin using ATP

concentric contraction

shortening contraction

eccentric contraction

lengthening contraction

isotonic contraction

muscle contracts and changes length

isometric contraction

muscle “contracts” but does not change length

latent period

time period between when the stimulus is applied and the muscle starts to contract

motor unit

single motor neuron plus all muscle fibers controlled by that motor neuron

muscle tone

continuous state of partial contraction

recruitment

increase in the number of motor units activated to perform a task

ACh function

neurotransmitter that starts muscle contraction

AChE function

eliminates ACh