BIOL 2101: General Biology I - Laboratory Manual Flashcards
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Flashcards based on the General Biology I Laboratory Manual, covering topics from microscope use to enzyme purification.
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What is the function of the iris diaphragm on a transmission microscope?
To adjust the light and give a sharper picture when viewing a specimen.
Why should you always start with the low power objective lens when using a microscope?
To initially focus and center the specimen before moving to higher magnifications.
What should you use to clean the lenses of a microscope?
Lens paper.
What is the function of pseudopodia in Amoeba?
To catch food and move around.
What is the function of trichocysts in Paramecium?
Defense and attachment.
What is the function of the eyespot in Euglena?
To swim towards the light for photosynthesis.
Where are spores found on mushrooms?
Spores are found on gills on the underside of the fruiting body’s cap.
What are the three main groups of Protista, based on their method of locomotion?
Ciliates (using cilia), Sarcodina (amoeboid movement), and Mastigophora (using flagellae).
What is the function of rhizoids in Rhizopus?
Anchoring and nutrient absorption.
What is the symbiotic relationship in lichens?
An association between a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism (green algae or cyanobacteria).
What is the importance of oil immersion lens in light microscopy?
A technique used to increase the resolution of a microscope.
What determines the Gram stain reaction of bacteria?
The physical structure of their walls.
Which color corresponds to Gram-positive bacteria after Gram staining?
Dark violet.
Which color corresponds to Gram-negative bacteria after Gram staining?
Cells appear red or pink.
What are the products of lactose fermentation by Lactobacillus and Streptococcus in yoghurt production?
Lactic acid.
What structures are easily visible in Rhoeo discolor cells under the microscope?
The cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts.
Molisch’s test for carbohydrates is a general test for what?
The presence of carbohydrates.
In Fehling’s test for reducing sugars, what color change indicates the presence of reducing sugars?
A change from blue to brown precipitate (cuprous oxide).
In the Biuret test, what does a violet colored complex indicate?
The presence of peptide bonds.
What is the pupose of Sudan III for lipids?
The dye stains the lipids orange.
What does a red/brown color indicate in the Benedict’s test?
The presence of reducing sugar.
What is DNA?
A self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes; it is the carrier of genetic information.
In the experiment for DNA extraction, what is the purpose of detergent?
To break open the cell and nuclear membranes to release DNA.
What does 'isotonic' mean in the context of osmosis?
Two solutions that have equal concentrations of solutes.
What happens to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution?
Water leaves the cell, causing the cytoplasm to shrink and pull away from the cell wall (plasmolysis).
What is cytokinesis?
The division of the cell and cytoplasm into halves, each containing a nucleus.
What is synapsis?
The pairing of homologous chromosomes during an early stage of meiosis.
What is the role of the enzyme amylase in seeds?
To break down starch into simple sugar (glucose).
What happens when heat is applied to an enzyme?
Enzyme-catalyzed reactions will show an increase in the rate of the reaction only within a limited (small and low) temperature range.
What does the addition of methanol do to the enzyme in amylase purification?
Methanol precipitates the enzyme out from the solution.
What is the function of the iris diaphragm on a transmission microscope?
To adjust the light and give a sharper picture when viewing a specimen.
Why should you always start with the low power objective lens when using a microscope?
To initially focus and center the specimen before moving to higher magnifications.
What should you use to clean the lenses of a microscope?
Lens paper.
What is the function of pseudopodia in Amoeba?
To catch food and move around.
What is the function of trichocysts in Paramecium?
Defense and attachment.
What is the function of the eyespot in Euglena?
To swim towards the light for photosynthesis.
Where are spores found on mushrooms?
Spores are found on gills on the underside of the fruiting body’s cap.
What are the three main groups of Protista, based on their method of locomotion?
Ciliates (using cilia), Sarcodina (amoeboid movement), and Mastigophora (using flagellae).
What is the function of rhizoids in Rhizopus?
Anchoring and nutrient absorption.
What is the symbiotic relationship in lichens?
An association between a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism (green algae or cyanobacteria).
What is the importance of oil immersion lens in light microscopy?
A technique used to increase the resolution of a microscope.
What determines the Gram stain reaction of bacteria?
The physical structure of their walls.
Which color corresponds to Gram-positive bacteria after Gram staining?
Dark violet.
Which color corresponds to Gram-negative bacteria after Gram staining?
Cells appear red or pink.
What are the products of lactose fermentation by Lactobacillus and Streptococcus in yoghurt production?
Lactic acid.
What structures are easily visible in Rhoeo discolor cells under the microscope?
The cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts.
Molisch’s test for carbohydrates is a general test for what?
The presence of carbohydrates.
In Fehling’s test for reducing sugars, what color change indicates the presence of reducing sugars?
A change from blue to brown precipitate (cuprous oxide).
In the Biuret test, what does a violet colored complex indicate?
The presence of peptide bonds.
What is the pupose of Sudan III for lipids?
The dye stains the lipids orange.
What does a red/brown color indicate in the Benedict’s test?
The presence of reducing sugar.
What is DNA?
A self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes; it is the carrier of genetic information.
In the experiment for DNA extraction, what is the purpose of detergent?
To break open the cell and nuclear membranes to release DNA.
What does 'isotonic' mean in the context of osmosis?
Two solutions that have equal concentrations of solutes.
What happens to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution?
Water leaves the cell, causing the cytoplasm to shrink and pull away from the cell wall (plasmolysis).
What is cytokinesis?
The division of the cell and cytoplasm into halves, each containing a nucleus.
What
What are the products of lactose fermentation by Lactobacillus and Streptococcus in yoghurt production?
Lactic acid.
What structures are easily visible in Rhoeo discolor cells under the microscope?
The cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts.
Molisch’s test for carbohydrates is a general test for what?
The presence of carbohydrates.
In Fehling’s test for reducing sugars, what color change indicates the presence of reducing sugars?
A change from blue to brown precipitate (cuprous oxide).
In the Biuret test, what does a violet colored complex indicate?
The presence of peptide bonds.
What is the pupose of Sudan III for lipids?
The dye stains the lipids orange.
What does a red/brown color indicate in the Benedict’s test?
The presence of reducing sugar.
What is DNA?
A self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes; it is the carrier of genetic information.
In the experiment for DNA extraction, what is the purpose of detergent?
To break open the cell and nuclear membranes to release DNA.
What does 'isotonic' mean in the context of osmosis?
Two solutions that have equal concentrations of solutes.
What happens to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution?
Water leaves the cell, causing the cytoplasm to shrink and pull away from the cell wall (plasmolysis).
What is cytokinesis?
The division of the cell and cytoplasm into halves, each containing a nucleus.
What is synapsis?
The pairing of homologous chromosomes during an early stage of meiosis.
What is the role of the enzyme amylase in seeds?
To break down starch into simple sugar (glucose).
What happens when heat is applied to an enzyme?
Enzyme-catalyzed reactions will show an increase in the rate of the reaction only