Personal Health 6 and 7

gender ideology

a set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification

biological sex

Biological traits associated with typical male and female chromosomal patterns and sexual differentiation processes.

gender

Social roles, beliefs, and individual identities attached to biologic sex. How people identify and feel about themselves.

gender roles

Behaviors that society, religion, and culture attach to being male and female.

sexual orientation

Who you are drawn to emotionally, romantically, and sexually.

cisgender

A term for individuals whose sex and gender assignment align with their personal gender identity.

gender nonconforming

A term for people who question and may not identify with conventional gender categories.

homologous

Having similar structure and anatomical position (but not necessarily the same function) in different organisms suggesting a common ancestry or evolutionary origin

most sex organs develop from

homologous tissue

human cells typically have

46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. One from mother, one from father

sex chromosomes

The pair of chromosomes that contribute to genital development, hormone secretion, and thus the sex that we are assigned at birth.

sperm

A germ cell produced by a testis; if combined with an ovum, it can produce what will become an embryo.

gonads

ovaries and testes

after the fifth week, an embryo will

produce germ cells and sex hormones.

testosterone

The hormone responsible for male prenatal sexual differentiation and later, at puberty, for secondary sex characteristics such as facial and body hair; also affects sexual desire.

androgens

Sex hormones that are produced by the testes, ovaries, and adrenal glands. The most prominent is testosterone.

progesterone

A sex hormone produced by the ovaries and testes that sustains reproductive and other sexual functions, especially menstruation and pregnancy. The active ingredient in many long-acting forms of contraception.

estrogens

Sex hormones that are produced by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands.

intersex

A condition in which a person with atypical chromosomes, gonads, genitals, and/or hormones cannot be classified as either male or female.

vulva

The external female genitals, or sex organs.

the vulva includes

mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris

clitoris

A highly sensitive female genital structure whose tissue is homologous to a penis.

prepuce

The foreskin of the clitoris or penis.

perineum

A sensitive area between the vaginal opening or scrotum and the anus.

hymen

A thin membrane that may partially cover the vaginal opening.

vagina

The canal leading from the vulva to the uterus.

sexual intercourse

Sexual relations involving penis and vagina, also called coitus.

coitus

Sexual intercourse involving insertion of the penis into the vagina.

Skene's gland

The female prostate that can cause some women to ejaculate during orgasm.

uterus

The hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which a fertilized egg might develop and where menstrual blood collects each month.

cervix

The opening of the uterus in the upper part of the vagina.

fallopian tube

A duct that guides a mature ovum from the ovary to the uterus; also called an oviduct.

ovaries

Paired glands that produce ova (eggs) and sex hormones; one of two types of gonads. Male equivalent is testes.

penis

The genital structure consisting of a glans, shaft, and spongy tissue that often becomes engorged with blood during sexual excitement.

glans

The head of the penis or the clitoris.

scrotum

The loose sac of skin and muscle fibers that contains the testes. Homologous to female outer lips.

testes (sing. testis)

The site of sperm and hormone production. Also called testicle.

2/3 of men and 1/3 of women engage in

solo masturbation

Cowper's gland

A small organ that produces pre-ejaculatory fluid from the penis.

semen

The fluid that carries sperm out of the penis during ejaculation.

epididymis

A storage duct for maturing sperm, located on the surface of each testis.

vas deferens

A tube that carries sperm from the epididymis through the prostate gland to the seminal vesicles.

seminal vesicle

A tube leading from the vas deferens to the ejaculatory duct; secretes nutrients for the sperm.

prostate gland

A reproductive organ that produces some of the fluid in semen, which helps to transport and nourish sperm.

pituitary gland

An endocrine gland at the base of the brain that produces hormones and regulates the release of hormones—including sex hormones—by other glands.

hypothalamus

A region of the brain above the pituitary gland whose hormones control the secretions of the pituitary.

puberty

The period of biological maturation when individuals develop secondary sexual characteristics and become capable of sexual reproduction

menstrual cycle

The monthly ovarian cycle, regulated by hormones; in the absence of pregnancy, menstruation occurs.

menarche

The first menstrual period, which is typically experienced during adolescence.

menses

The portion of the menstrual cycle characterized by menstrual flow (bleeding).

follicle

A saclike structure within the ovary or testicle, in which a germ cell (egg or sperm) matures.

endometrium

The lining of the uterus.

ovulation

The release of a mature egg (ovum) from an ovary.

menstrual cycle

menses, follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase

luteal phase

The third phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a corpus luteum is formed from the remnants of the follicle that has ovulated its oocyte. The corpus luteum secretes progestrone and estrogen during this time period, which typically lasts from day 15 to day 28 of the menstrual cycle. Formation of the corpul luteum is triggered by the same LH surge that triggers ovulation, however in the absence of LH (levels quickly decline after the surge) the corpus luteum begins to degenerate.

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A nonmedical term that describes physical discomfort, psychological distress, and behavioral changes that some women experience before menstruation begins.

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

A medical term for a severe form of PMS, where symptoms interfere with daily activities and relationships.

relief for women with premenstrual symptoms

limit salt intake, exercise, no tobacco or alcohol, nutritious diet, relax and sleep

male puberty

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) produced in hypothalamus. Acts on pituitary gland where follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

- FSH: promotes production of sperm.

- LH: stimulates the production of testosterone

Testosterone: produced in the testes; steroid hormone that is necessary for the

production of sperm

Changes: deeper voice, production of sperm, broader shoulders, increased hair, increased muscle development.

Later in life testosterone may cause receding hairline or baldness.

nocturnal emissions

Orgasm and ejaculation (wet dream) during sleep.

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

menopause

The cessation of menstruation.

Andropause

gradual changes in the sexual hormones and reproductive system of middle-aged males

erogenous zones

pleasure sensitive areas of the body

sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

vasocongestion

The accumulation of blood in tissues and organs by more blood flowing into an area than flowing out.

erotic fantasy

Sexually arousing thoughts and daydreams.

masturbation

Self-stimulation for the purpose of sexual arousal.

cunnilingus

Oral stimulation of the vulva, clitoris, and vagina.

fellatio

Oral stimulation of the penis.

1/3 women have engaged in

anal sex

sexual disorder

A disturbance in sexual desire, performance, or satisfaction that causes distress.

erectile disorder

The inability to achieve or maintain a penile erection sufficient for sexual activity.

premature or delayed ejaculation

The inability to ejaculate when you wish to during sexual activity.

orgasmic disorder

The inability to experience orgasm, despite engaging in the types of stimulation that would typically lead to one.

orgasm

peak phase of the sexual response cycle associated with rhythmic muscle contractions (and ejaculation)

androgyny

Possessing role and behavioral characteristics that are not from just one gender but from all genders.

nonbinary

A term for people who question and may not identify with conventional gender categories.

transgender

A term describing an individual whose bodily sex category differs from their own gender identity.

genderfluid

Someone whose gender identity or expression shifts between man/masculine and woman/feminine or falls somewhere along this spectrum

pansexual

not limited in sexual choice with regard to biological sex, gender, or gender identity.

sexual coercion

The use of physical or psychological force or intimidation to make a person submit to sexual demands.

fertilization

The initiation of biological reproduction; the union of the nucleus of an egg cell with the nucleus of a sperm cell.

fertilized egg

The egg after penetration by a sperm; a zygote.

gene

The basic unit of heredity; a section of a chromosome containing biochemical instructions for making a particular protein.

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs and thus are not genetically identical.

identical (monozygotic) twins

Twins who develop from the division of a single zygote and thus are genetically identical.

infertility

The inability to conceive after trying for a year or more.

More than 12% of women ages 15-49

seek infertility treatment

assisted reproductive technology (ART)

a general term for the techniques designed to help infertile couples conceive and then sustain a pregnancy

artificial (intrauterine) insemination

The introduction of sperm into the vagina by artificial means.

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Combining eggs and sperm outside the body and inserting one or more fertilized eggs into the uterus.

gestational carrier

A woman is contracted to carry the pregnancy for a couple that is not genetically her own

trimester

One of three 3-month periods of pregnancy.

signs and symptoms of pregnancy

missed menstrual cycle, nausea and vomiting, breast tenderness, increased urination, fatigue, appetite changes, light bleeding, mood changes, sleepiness

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A hormone produced by a fertilized egg that encourages the body to support and maintain the pregnancy; it can be detected in the urine or blood of the mother shortly after conception.

Braxton Hicks contractions

A pattern of late-pregnancy uterine contractions that are irregular in timing, short in duration, and painless and do not result in labor.

lightening

A process in which the uterus sinks down because the baby's head settles into the pelvic area.

first trimester

1-13 weeks

second trimester

14-26 weeks