From Canvas (Vocabulary) - Unit 5: The Muscular System

Skeletal muscle

They are sometimes called striated muscles because they appear striped under a microscope. They are also in the classification of voluntary muscles because they operate under conscious control. There are other voluntary muscles as well. Most work in pairs.

Smooth (visceral) muscle

They are found in the walls of hollow organs and tubes of our body such as the stomach, intestines, respiratory passageways, and blood vessels. These are involuntary muscles. Contractions of these muscles are regulated by hormones and the autonomic nervous system.

Cardiac Muscle

They form the wall of the heart. It is also an involuntary muscle and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. They also appear striated when viewed under a microscope.

Abduction

a movement which draws a limb away from the median Sagittal plane of the body

Adduction

to draw inward toward the median axis of the body or toward an adjacent part or limb

Locomotion

when chemical energy is changed into mechanical energy.

Propulsion

movement of substances through tubes, as in circulation and digestion

Contraction and relaxation

changes in the sizes of openings

fascia

Fibrous connective tissue that holds together muscle fibers. Essentially all of the connective tissue in the body. It is a tough covering, much like a sausage casing, that surrounds every muscle. It forms a vast supporting network found throughout the body and is continuous from head to toe. Tendons, joint capsules and ligaments are composed of this. Composed mainly of collagen fibers, together with water and other proteins which provide a glue-like quality. The connective tissue fibers extend deep in between individual muscle cells and practically all cells of the body. It also varies in thickness.

Point of origin

attachment to a bone that is less movable, where tendon attaches the muscle to the bone

Point of insertion

attachment to a bone that moves, the bone that the muscle is moves

Kinesia

medical term for movement

Asthenia

without, not, no strength

Ataxia

Indicates a lack of muscle coordination. Generally, a nervous system disorder-or neuromuscular disorder (stroke, tumor, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, alcohol abuse)

Atonic

a lack of muscle tone (Huntington's, Stroke, brain tumor)

Ataxia

Lack of muscular coordination: an inability to coordinate voluntary muscular movements that is symptomatic of some nervous disorders.

A sign of an underlying condition, can affect your movements, your speech, your eye movements and your ability to swallow

Bradykinesia

slow movement (a symptom of Parkinson's Disease)

Brachialgia

pain in the arm

Contracture

when a muscle is flexed and drawn into a position where it is almost immovable

Dyskinesia

bad, difficult or painful movement (Cerebral Palsy, Parkinson's Disease)

Dystonia

a movement disorder which causes involuntary contractions of the muscles

Fascitis

inflammation of fascia

Fibromyalgia

Disorder with chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain and fatigue.

Fibromyitis

Inflammation of muscle and fibrous tissue

Hyperkinesia

excessive movement

Muscular Dystrophy

Characterized by progressive muscle weakness and muscle fiber (individual muscle cell) degeneration

Myalgia

muscle pain

Myasthenia

without, no, not, muscle, strength

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

Chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by weakness of the skeletal muscles of the body.

Myofibroma

Tumor of muscle and fiber

Myoma

tumor of muscle tissue

Myomalacia

softening of muscle tissue

Myosarcoma

tumor of muscle tissue

Myosclerosis

abnormal condition of hardening of muscles

Polymyositis

Chronic, progressive disease affecting the skeletal muscles, characterized by muscle weakness of hips and arms and degeneration

Rotator Cuff Tear

Tear in muscles that form a “cuff” over upper end of arm, rotator cuff helps to lift and rotate the arm, also helps to hold head of humerus in place during abduction of arm

Rhabdomyoma

tumor of striated muscle tissue

Spasticity

condition of increased muscular tone causing stiff, awkward movements.

Synergetic

pertaining to certain muscles that work together

Sthenia

strength

Buccal

Muscles of the Head and Neck

cheek

Temporal

Muscles of the Head and Neck

Located above and near the ear

Masseter

Muscles of the Head and Neck

Located at the angle of the jaw, raises the mandible and closes the jaw

Sternomastoid

Muscles of the Head and Neck

Extends from the sternum upward along the side of the neck to the mastoid process

Trapezius

Muscles of the Upper Extremities

Triangular-shaped muscle, Extends across the back of the shoulder, Covers back of neck, Inserts on clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade)

Latissimus Dorsi

Muscles of the Upper Extremities

Originates from vertebrae of lower back, Crosses lower half of thoracic region, Passes between humerus and scapula, Inserts on anterior surface of humerus, Forms the posterior border of the armpit

Pectoralis Major

Muscles of the Upper Extremities

Large, fan-shaped muscle, crosses the upper part of the front chest, originates from sternum, crosses over to humerus

Deltoid

Muscles of the Upper Extremities

Covers the shoulder joint, originates from clavicle and scapula, inserts on lateral side of the humerus

Biceps Brachii

Muscles of the Upper Extremities

Muscle has two heads, originates from scapula, inserts on the radius

Triceps Brachii

Muscles of the Upper Extremities

Muscle has three heads, originates from scapula and humerus, inserts onto olecranon process of the ulna, at the elbow

Gluteus Maximus

Muscles of the Lower Extremities

Forms most of the fleshy part of the buttock, originates from ilium and inserts in the femur

Gluteus Medius

Muscles of the Lower Extremities

Located above the upper outer quadrant of the gluteus maximus muscle, originates from posterior part of ilium, inserts in greater trochanter of the femur

Quadriceps Femoris

Muscles of the Lower Extremities

Forms anterior part of the thigh, help extend the thigh

Hamstring Muscles

Muscles of the Lower Extremities

Located in posterior part of the thigh, help flex leg on the thigh, help extend the thigh

Gastrocnemius

Muscles of the Lower Extremities

Main muscle of the calf, attaches to heel bone by way of Achilles tendon, used to plantar flex foot and flex toes

Tibialis Anterior

Muscles of the Lower Extremities

Positioned on the front of the leg, used to dorsiflex foot and turn foot inward

Aldolase blood test (ALD)

Measures ALD enzyme in skeletal and heart muscle. Diagnosis for Duchenne MD

Calcium Blood Test

determines levels of calcium which is essential for muscular contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting.

Lactic Dehydrogenase(LDH)

determine the level of LDH enzyme which is increased in muscular dystrophy, damage to skeletal muscles, and after a pulmonary embolism

Electromyography

Process of recording strength of contraction of a muscle when stimulated by electric current. Recorded with a myograph.

Muscle biopsy

Extraction of a specimen of muscle tissue, through biopsy needle or incisional biopsy, for purpose of examining it under a microscope

Erythrocyte Sedimentation (sed) Rate

Blood test that measures the rate at which erythrocytes settle to the bottom of a test tube filled with unclotted blood

Diathermy

high frequency current to produce heat within a part of the body

First Aid Treatment

RICE – Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

Cryotherapy

For soft tissue and muscle injuries. Diminishes bleeding and edema by causing vasoconstriction

Hydrotherapy

hot tub, bath, whirlpool etc.

Myoplasty

Surgical repair of a muscle

Myorrhaphy

Surgical suture of a muscle wound

Myotomy

Surgical incision into a muscle