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aflatoxins
Produced fungal molds (Aspergillus flavours and A. parasiticus), contaminated before and after harvest, not visible moldy, potent carcinogens
Agricultural crops affected by Aflatoxin
Corn, peanuts, cottonseed, rice, cereal grains, fruits, retain in egg/milk/meat
How aflatoxin affect body/cells
Carcinogen, affect transcription, risk factor for liver tumours (hepatocellular carcinoma), liver cell degeneration
Fungal ergot (Claviceps purpurea)
fungal parasite, affects cereal grain(rye)/forage grasses, produce purplish-black/compact/hardened mycelium (sclerotia), small amount over several weeks leads chronic poisoning
sclerotia
purplish-black, compact, hardened, mycelium, made from fungal ergot
Ergotism
ergot poisoning, known as St. Anthony’s Fire, 2 types (Gangrenous/convulsive)
Gaston de la Valloire
french philanthropist, establish hospital to treat victims of ergotism
Gangrenous ergotism symptoms
tingling sensation, vomiting and diarrhea, gangrenous extremities, hallucinations, declining blood flow to extremities resulting pain and sometime separation
Convulsive ergotism symptoms
tingling sensation, vomiting and diarrhea, hallucinations, painful uncontrolled spasms of limbs, severe epileptic convulsions
Active groups of Ergot
alkaloids ergonovine/ergotamine, lysergic acid derivatives
ergonovine/ergotamine
alkaloid agent of ergot, cause arterioles to contract, contration smooth tissue in digestive tract, characteristic symptoms of ergotism
lysergic acid derivatives
alkaloid agent in ergot, produce visual auditory hallucinations
ergot as folk medicine
induce labour by stimulating contraction of uterine muscles, control uterine hemorrhaging
Death Cap (amanita phalloides)
Poisonous basidiomycete fungi, alkaloid amanitin
Poisonous mushrooms
Death cap (Amanita phalloides), Gyromitra esculenta, Entoloma sinuatum, Boletus satanas
Symptoms of death cap (amanita phalloides)
Abdominal cramping/nausea/vomiting, one day remission, severe intestinal pain/liver and kidney failure
Active agent of death cap (Amanita phalloides)
Alkaloid amanitin, cause cell destruction
Gyromitra esculenta
Poisonous mushroom, cell destruction
Entoloma sinuatum
Poisonous mushroom, by enteritis or inflammation small intestine
Boletus santanas
Poisonous mushroom, by enteritis or inflammation small intestine
Poisonous fungi
Fungal molds (Aspergillus spp.), Fungal ergot (Clavices purpurea), Death Cap (Amanita Phalloides)
Poisonous angiosperms
Monkshood (Aconitum nappellus), Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), Water hemlock (Cicuta spp.), Castor bean (Ricinus communis), Rosary pea (Arbus precatorius)
Monkshood (Aconitum napellus)
Herbaceous, buttercup (ranunculaceae) family, native to Europe, all parts poisonous especially roots/tubers, alkaloid aconitine
Active agent of monkshood (Aconitum napellus)
Alkaloid acontine
Symptoms of monkshood (Aconitum napellus)
Muscle tingling and numbness, staggering gait, crawling sensation on skin, nausea and vomiting, laboured breathing, irregular pulse
History of Monkshood (Aconitum napellus)
Men on Aegean island of Ceos condemned to drink, used to poison wells of invading armies (India), arrow poison (India/china), medically to diminish pulse/ relieve pain associated with neuralgia/pleurisy/aneurisms
Poison hemlock (conium maculatum)
Herbaceous umbel, carrot (apiaceae) family, native to Europe, pyridine alkaloid coniine, poisonous
Active agent of poison hemlock (conium maculatum)
Pyridine alkaloids coniine, stimulates/paralyze nicotine receptors of central nervous system, powerful depressant
Symptoms of poison hemlock (conium maculatum)
Neuromuscular blockage, paralysis, dangerous lowering blood pressure, collapse of cardiovascular system (death)
History of poison hemlock (conium maculatum)
Socrate executed by, poison in Shakespeare plays
Water hemlock (cicuta spp.)
Herbaceous, carrot (Apiaceae) family, virosa-native Europe/ maculata-native North America/ douglasii-native pacific North America, acetylene alcohol cicutoxin, poison taproot
Active agent of water helmlock (Cicuta spp.)
Acetylene’s alcohol cicutoxin, violent convulsant, act on central nervous system
Symptoms of water hemlock (cictua spp.)
Vomiting, convulsions, severe seizures, periodic cessation of breathing
Castor beans ( Ricinus communis)
herbaceous, euphorb(Euphorbiaceae) family, native to tropical africa,oil extracted frim seed known laxative, consumption whole seed or other extracts fatal, ricin
active agent of castor bean (Ricinus communis)
ricin poisonous lectin, plant glycoproteins, cause aggultination and hemolysis of red blood cells, from castor seeds
symptom ricin poisoning (castor bean)
severe hemirrhaging, gastrointestinal swelling, kidney degeneration
Ricin as bio weapon
ranked 3rd (after Plutonium and botulism toxin), possesion is illega, letter sent to politician, attempt bring over to canada (enough kill 1/2mil), kill journalist Georgi Markov
Rosary Pea( Arbus precatorius)
prennial leguminous, native to india/tropical east asia (indonesia), poisonous red-black seeds, abrin, roots used medically in india
active agent of Rosary Pea (arbus precatorius)
abrin, plant lectin glycoprotein, more toxic than ricin but absorbed slowly
plant lectins (glycoproteins) as bio weapons
administered as powder/mist/pellts, can be dissolved in water, however need lots and break down quickly