poisonous fungi and plants

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40 Terms

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aflatoxins

Produced fungal molds (Aspergillus flavours and A. parasiticus), contaminated before and after harvest, not visible moldy, potent carcinogens

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Agricultural crops affected by Aflatoxin

Corn, peanuts, cottonseed, rice, cereal grains, fruits, retain in egg/milk/meat

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How aflatoxin affect body/cells

Carcinogen, affect transcription, risk factor for liver tumours (hepatocellular carcinoma), liver cell degeneration

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Fungal ergot (Claviceps purpurea)

fungal parasite, affects cereal grain(rye)/forage grasses, produce purplish-black/compact/hardened mycelium (sclerotia), small amount over several weeks leads chronic poisoning

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sclerotia

purplish-black, compact, hardened, mycelium, made from fungal ergot

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Ergotism

ergot poisoning, known as St. Anthony’s Fire, 2 types (Gangrenous/convulsive)

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Gaston de la Valloire

french philanthropist, establish hospital to treat victims of ergotism

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Gangrenous ergotism symptoms

tingling sensation, vomiting and diarrhea, gangrenous extremities, hallucinations, declining blood flow to extremities resulting pain and sometime separation

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Convulsive ergotism symptoms

tingling sensation, vomiting and diarrhea, hallucinations, painful uncontrolled spasms of limbs, severe epileptic convulsions

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Active groups of Ergot

alkaloids ergonovine/ergotamine, lysergic acid derivatives

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ergonovine/ergotamine

alkaloid agent of ergot, cause arterioles to contract, contration smooth tissue in digestive tract, characteristic symptoms of ergotism

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lysergic acid derivatives

alkaloid agent in ergot, produce visual auditory hallucinations

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ergot as folk medicine

induce labour by stimulating contraction of uterine muscles, control uterine hemorrhaging

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Death Cap (amanita phalloides)

Poisonous basidiomycete fungi, alkaloid amanitin

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Poisonous mushrooms

Death cap (Amanita phalloides), Gyromitra esculenta, Entoloma sinuatum, Boletus satanas

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Symptoms of death cap (amanita phalloides)

Abdominal cramping/nausea/vomiting, one day remission, severe intestinal pain/liver and kidney failure

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Active agent of death cap (Amanita phalloides)

Alkaloid amanitin, cause cell destruction

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Gyromitra esculenta

Poisonous mushroom, cell destruction

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Entoloma sinuatum

Poisonous mushroom, by enteritis or inflammation small intestine

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Boletus santanas

Poisonous mushroom, by enteritis or inflammation small intestine

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Poisonous fungi

Fungal molds (Aspergillus spp.), Fungal ergot (Clavices purpurea), Death Cap (Amanita Phalloides)

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Poisonous angiosperms

Monkshood (Aconitum nappellus), Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), Water hemlock (Cicuta spp.), Castor bean (Ricinus communis), Rosary pea (Arbus precatorius)

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Monkshood (Aconitum napellus)

Herbaceous, buttercup (ranunculaceae) family, native to Europe, all parts poisonous especially roots/tubers, alkaloid aconitine

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Active agent of monkshood (Aconitum napellus)

Alkaloid acontine

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Symptoms of monkshood (Aconitum napellus)

Muscle tingling and numbness, staggering gait, crawling sensation on skin, nausea and vomiting, laboured breathing, irregular pulse

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History of Monkshood (Aconitum napellus)

Men on Aegean island of Ceos condemned to drink, used to poison wells of invading armies (India), arrow poison (India/china), medically to diminish pulse/ relieve pain associated with neuralgia/pleurisy/aneurisms

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Poison hemlock (conium maculatum)

Herbaceous umbel, carrot (apiaceae) family, native to Europe, pyridine alkaloid coniine, poisonous

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Active agent of poison hemlock (conium maculatum)

Pyridine alkaloids coniine, stimulates/paralyze nicotine receptors of central nervous system, powerful depressant

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Symptoms of poison hemlock (conium maculatum)

Neuromuscular blockage, paralysis, dangerous lowering blood pressure, collapse of cardiovascular system (death)

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History of poison hemlock (conium maculatum)

Socrate executed by, poison in Shakespeare plays

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Water hemlock (cicuta spp.)

Herbaceous, carrot (Apiaceae) family, virosa-native Europe/ maculata-native North America/ douglasii-native pacific North America, acetylene alcohol cicutoxin, poison taproot

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Active agent of water helmlock (Cicuta spp.)

Acetylene’s alcohol cicutoxin, violent convulsant, act on central nervous system

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Symptoms of water hemlock (cictua spp.)

Vomiting, convulsions, severe seizures, periodic cessation of breathing

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Castor beans ( Ricinus communis)

herbaceous, euphorb(Euphorbiaceae) family, native to tropical africa,oil extracted frim seed known laxative, consumption whole seed or other extracts fatal, ricin

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active agent of castor bean (Ricinus communis)

ricin poisonous lectin, plant glycoproteins, cause aggultination and hemolysis of red blood cells, from castor seeds

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symptom ricin poisoning (castor bean)

severe hemirrhaging, gastrointestinal swelling, kidney degeneration

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Ricin as bio weapon

ranked 3rd (after Plutonium and botulism toxin), possesion is illega, letter sent to politician, attempt bring over to canada (enough kill 1/2mil), kill journalist Georgi Markov

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Rosary Pea( Arbus precatorius)

prennial leguminous, native to india/tropical east asia (indonesia), poisonous red-black seeds, abrin, roots used medically in india

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active agent of Rosary Pea (arbus precatorius)

abrin, plant lectin glycoprotein, more toxic than ricin but absorbed slowly

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plant lectins (glycoproteins) as bio weapons

administered as powder/mist/pellts, can be dissolved in water, however need lots and break down quickly