Chapter 3 Medical Terminology

Musculoskeletal system consist of 3 parts:

1. bones

2. joints (articulations)

3. muscles

ligaments

(LIH gah ments)

fibrous bands of tissue that connect bones to one another

tendons

(TEN duns)

bands of tissue that attach muscles to bones

fascia

(FASH ee ah)

tough fibrous covering of the muscles (and some nerves and blood vessels)

Cartilage

(KAR tih lij)

flexible form of connective tissue that covers the ends of many bones

gives form to the external ear and tip of the nose, and provides support and protection to many other sites in the body

How does the musculoskeletal system meet our needs?

1. Acting as a framework for the organ systems

2. Protecting many of the body’s organs

3. Providing the organism with the ability to move

Hematopoiesis

(hee mah toh poh EE sis)

responsible for storage of minerals (calcium [Ca] and phosphorus [p]) and process of continual formation of blood in the bone marrow

muscle

my/o

muscul/o

myos/o

bone

oste/o

oss/i

osse/o

joint

arthr/o

articul/o

ligament

ligament/o

syndesm/o

tendon

tendin/o

tend/o

ten/o

fascia

fasci/o

cartilage

chondr/o

cartilag/o

-poiesis

formation

orthopedics

healthcare specialty that deals with majority of of musculoskeletal disorders

Rheumatology

specialty that deals with disorders of connective tissue , including bone and cartilage

physiatry “physical medicine”

concerns diagnosis and treatment of diesease or injury with the use of physical agents, such as excersice, heat, massage and light

orthopedist/ orthopod

someone who specializes in orthopedics

rheumatologist

someone who specializes in rheumatology

physiatrist

someone who specializes in physiatry

orth/o

straight

rheumat/o

watery flow

physi/o

nature

axial skeleton

(ACK see ul)

consist of the skull, rib cage, and spine

appendicular skeleton

(ap pen DICK yoo lur)

consists of shoulder blades, collarbones, pelvic bones, arms, and legs

long bones

ex: humerus (upper arm bone)

femur (thigh bone)

short bones

ex: carpal (wrist bone)

tarsal (ankle bone)

flat bones

ex: sternum (breast bone)

scapula (shoulder blade)

irregular bones

ex: vertebra (backbone)

stapes (a bone of the ear)

sesamoid bones

(SEH sah moyd)

ex: patella (knee cap)

osteocytes

(OS tee oh sytes)

mature bone cells, which all bones are composed of

matrix

material between the cells

stores calcium and phosphorus for the body to use as needed in the form of mineral salts

-cyte

cell

osteoblasts

cells that build bones

-blast

embryonic

osteoclasts

cells that breakdown bone cells to transform them as needed

-clast

breaking down

compact bone

hard, outer layer of bone

osteocytes and matrix together make up compact bone

spongy / cancellous bone

(KAN sel lus)

second layer of bone tissue within the compact bony tissue

composed of the same osteocytes and matrix but is less dense

bone marrow

produces all the blood cells needed by the body

diaphysis

(dye AFF ih sis)

long shaft that each long bone is mainly composed of

epiphysis

(eh PIFF ih sis)

each end of the bone

myel/o

bone marrow

dia-

through, complete

epi-

above, upon

-physis

growth, nature

epiphyseal plates

(eh pee FIZZ ee ul)

areas where bone growth normally occurs

underneath epiphyses

around the ages of 16-25 the plates close and bone growth usually stops

metaphysis

(meh TAFF ih sis)

formed by the epiphysis and the epiphyseal plates together

periosteum

(pair ee OS tee um)

outer covering of the bone

endosteum

(en DOS tee um)

inner lining of the bone

These two coverings hold the cell responsible for bone remodeling

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

depression

any groove, opening, or hollow space

provides an entrance and exit for vessels and protection for the organs they hold

processes

raised or projected areas

often areas of attachment for ligaments or tendons

foramen (bone depression)

(foh RAY men)

an opening or hole

Ex- foramen magnum, mental foramina

foramin/o

foramen

fossa (bone depression)

(FAH sah)

a hollow or depression, especially on the surface of the end of a bone

ex- olecranal fossa

foss/o

fossa

sinus (bone depression)

(SYE nus)

A cavity or channel lined with a membrane (also called an antrum)

ex- paranasal sinuses

sin/o

sinus/o

sinus

condyle (bone process)

(KON dyle)

a smooth, rounded projection at the end of a bone that articulates with adjacent bones

ex- medial condyle of femur

condyl/o

condyle

crest (bone process)

a narrow elongated elevation

ex- iliac crest

-um

structure, membrane

epicondyle (bone process)

(eh pee KON dyle)

a rough projection on the surface of the bone above the condyle to attach tendons and ligaments

ex- lateral epicondyle of the humerus

epicondyl/o

epicondyle

head (bone process)

a rounded, usually proximal portion of some long bones

ex- femoral head, humerus head

spine (bone process)

a thornlike projection

ex- spinous process of a vertebra

spin/o

vertebr/o

rachi/o

spine, spinal column

trochanter (bone process)

(troh KAN tur)

one of two bony projections on the proximal ends of the femurs that serve as points of attachment for muscles

ex- greater trochanter

trochanter/o

trochanter

tubercle (bone process)

(TOO bur kuhl)

a nodule or small raised area

ex- costal tubercle

tubercul/o

tubercle

tuberosity (bone process)

(too bur OSS ih tee)

an elevation or protuberance, larger than a tubercle

ex- ischial tuberosity

skull

made up of two parts: the cranium that encloses and protects the brain and the facial bones

frontal bone (cranium)

forms the anterior part of the skull and forehead

Parietal bones (cranium)

(puh RYE uh tul)

forms the sides of the cranium

occipital bones (cranium)

(ock SIP ih tul)

forms the back of the skull

a large hole at the ventral surface in this bone, the foramen magnum (meaning large), which allows brain communication with the spinal cord

temporal bones (cranium)

(TEM poor ul)

forms the lower two sides of the cranium

mastoid process (cranium)

posterior part of the bone behind the ear

ethmoid bone (cranium)

(EHTH moyd)

forms the roof and walls of the naval cavity

sphenoid bone (cranium)

(SFEE noyd)

anterior to the temporal bones and the basilar part of the occipital bone

Paranasal sinuses (cranium)

air filled cavities that are named for the bones in which they are located

each is lined with a mucous membrane

crani/o

skull, cranium

front/o

frontal

pariet/o

parietal

occipit/o

occipital

tempor/o

temporal

mastoid/o

mastoid

ethmoid/o

ethmoid

sphenoid/o

sphenoid

nas/o

nose

para-

near, abnormal

Zygoma (facial bones)

(zye GOH mah)

cheekbone

also called the zygomatic bone

(zye goh MAT tick)

Lacrimal bones (facial bones)

(LACK rih mul)

paired bones at the corner of each eye that cradle tear ducts

Maxilla (facial bones)

(MACK sill ah)

upper jaw bone

also called maxillary bone

Mandible (facial bones)

(MAN dih bul)

lower jaw bone

also called the mandibular bone

Vomer (facial bones)

(VOH mur)

bone that forms posterior/inferior part of the nasal septal wall between the nostrils

Palatine bones (facial bones)

(PAL eh tyne)

shell shaped structures that make up part of the roof of the mouth

Nasal turbinates (conchae) (facial bones)

(KON kee)

make up part of the interior of the nose