Dual Credit W.C Final Exam

"Nations and Empires", "Unsettled Worlds"

imperialism

process of nation-building and acquiring new territories; Great Britain took the lead; the US, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan followed; rapid reshuffling of people and resources

manifest destiny

the act of expanding and colonizing westward through zealous fulfillment

natural selection

an organism with traits to help them survive produce more offspring with advantageous traits and others

canada in 1867

gained independence; territorial expansion helped build an integrated state; government signed treaties with natives to ensure strict separation; wanted to turn natives into farmers and incorporate them into Canadian society

Brazil in 1830’s

banned slave trade but allowed illegal slave trade to continue; abolished 1888

rubber

huge tracts of land cultivated near the Amazon River Basin for farming; became an important commodity as elites grew even wealthier and developed Manaus to reflect their wealth; boom soon went a bust due to ecosystem failures and British smuggling seeds out 

steel

rise of steel; Eiffel Tower; scientific research and capitalist enterprises wedded together engineers, scientists, and patents; people moved across the globe to work in new industries

Charles Darwin

a major influential figure in the 1800’s; created natural selection and the importance of adaptation science

natural selection

an organism with traits to help them survive produce more offspring with advantageous traits and others

model of imperial rule

India; Unified ideas and investment opportunities beginning to be  forced unto India

raj

 public works construction after the revolts of 1857; consumer of finished goods and producer of raw materials

Java famine

famine in Java in the 1840s and 50s; in the 1860s, the Dutch introduced an “ethical” policy for governing, where they encouraged Dutch settlement and more private enterprise; fierce resistance in some  areas but eventually put down

Europe’s 3 main goals of imperialism

- colony paid for its own administration

- peace has to be preserved 

- rule should attract other Europeans

orientalism

portrayed non western people as exotic, sensuous, and economically backward; social Darwinism

Emperor Mutsuhito

transformed Edo Japan into a more modern state in the late 1800’s; Meiji Restoration- period of 1868-1912 where Japan looked to become more modern nation; Meiji = “enlightened rule”

Meiji Restoration

period of 1868-1912 where Japan looked to become more modern nation; Meiji = “enlightened rule”

yen

the currency of Japan that economically transformed the nation

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

Japan won Taiwan and annexed Korea in 1910; subjects were radically inferior and became an independent nation

Qing China

really slow to adapt the modernized nation ideology as they were more worried about internal affairs

Self-Strengthening Movement

period of upgrading China’s military and industries to compete in a modern world

Yung Wing

was a reformer that attempts to modernize China’s  education (abroad)

Hundred Days Reform

June-September 1898 in response to military loss to Japan; led by Kang Youwei, he wanted to transform China into a modern state

factors

uprooting of millions from the countryside to city and one continent to another; discontent with poverty as economic production leaped forward

1840-1940

29 million South Asians moved into European colonies

Europe in the 1900’s

clash of political, traditional, and religious ideas

Boer War

a war starting from the resistance of African peoples towards European imperialism/influence; concentration campus used on Boers as Europe learned from Spain in Cuba

 Maji Maji Revolt

in German East Africa, where the Germans killed 200-300 thousand people to put down the revolt; genocide against the Herero peoples in German South West Africa when they resisted

Boxer Rebellion

breakdown of dynastic authority after the Sino-Japanese War; Europe wanted specific “spheres of influence” while the US wanted an “open door”

Red Lanterns

 teenage girls and unmarried women who wore red to announce their allegiance to the Boxers

Boxer Protocol

regime had to pay compensation in gold for damages and western powers could station troops in Beijing 

Rising Women’s Movement

early empire advocates pointed to poor conditions for women in those areas while limiting rights at home; Komako Kimura, Qiu Jin

syndicalism

organization of workplace associations that included unskilled laborers, socialism, and anarchism

anarchism

belief that society should be free association of members, not subject to gov’t, laws, or police

mexican revolution (1910)

Porfirio Diaz to step down; peasants and laborers revolted; Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata; 10% of population died; Constitution of 1917

ejidos

communal village holdings sought to recreate a precolonial way of life

modernism

the sense of having broken with tradition; meant to break the rules and sometimes terrorize the rule makers

degeneration

fear that inherited diseases and racial mixing were causing “civilized” people to become soft, weak, and sickly

Jose Vasconcelos

he showed that the Mexicans were able to have a more sophisticated civilization through indigenous influence, and not the other way around

Indian National Congress

is formed in 1885;a political party made up of lawyers and merchants that unified people through government affairs

How is India gonna be a modern nation and hold on to its Indian identity?

• Re-writing of history of local empires to make theme more broad to capture more spaces and people

• Promoted this idea of Indian nation state in order to show this long history; political means to gain independence from Great Britain

• Hinduism is reconfigured into to resemble western religion; Indian National Congress saw Hinduism as a national religion but not Islam

Swadeshi Samits

the “one’s own country societies”, imagined a modern and national community

“Pan” Movements

rearrangement of borders to unite dispersed communities

 pan-Islamism

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani called on Muslims to put aside differences to work against the west

Pan-Germanism

Georg von Schonerer ns the League of German Nationalists; idea of a German race

distinctive

different from elite culture because it reflected the tastes of the working and middle classes and relied on new technology

lingering effects of WWI

overproduction by producers of food and fibers, runaway inflation, and massive public debts; world markets were interdependent but had not coordinating authorities to deal with a crisis

John Maynard Keynes

rethinking of laissez-faire economics; John Maynard Keynes’ The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money

Peace Preservation

up to 10 yrs. Hard labor for any member of an organization advocating change in political system or abolition of private property

satyagraha

nonviolent resistance