DCUSH Semester 1 Final/Midterm

on everyone’s soul WE are getting As

Jamestown

the site of the first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607. became the capital of the Virginia Colony until 1699

Quakers

Christian movement from 17th-century England, known for their direct spiritual experience, belief in an "inner light" within everyone, and core values like equality, peace, simplicity, and integrity

Signing of the Declaration of Independence

occurred primarily on August 2, 1776, at the Pennsylvania State House. Located in Philadelphia

Supporters of the American Revolution

France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic, which provided crucial troops, naval support, money, and supplies

the Sugar Act (1764)

a British law designed to raise revenue from the American colonies to help pay for the French and Indian War

the Stamp Act (1765)

a direct tax imposed by the British Parliament on the American colonies, requiring taxed stamps on all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, and even playing cards to help pay for troops after the French and Indian War

Townshend Acts (1767)

designed to raise revenue from the American colonies through duties on imported goods like glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea

Tea Act (1773)

a British law granting the financially struggling East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the American colonies

Articles of Confederation

the first governing document of the United States, creating a weak central government with strong state power from 1781 to 1789

Shays Rebellion

an armed uprising in Western Massachusetts and Worcester in response to a debt crisis among the citizenry and in opposition to the state government's increased efforts to collect taxes on both individuals and their trades

Federalists

a U.S. political group, initially supporters of the Constitution who favored a strong national government for stability and commerce

Antifederalists

a diverse group in post-Revolutionary America who opposed ratifying the U.S. Constitution

Indian Removal Act

signed by President Andrew Jackson, authorized the U.S. government to forcibly relocate Native American tribes from their ancestral lands east of the Mississippi River to territories west of the river

Abolition

the formal act or process of ending or getting rid of slavery

Manifest Destiny

the 19th century belief that the United States was divinely ordained to expand across North America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, spreading democracy and American values

Jefferson Davis

was the only president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865

South Carolina

attracted diverse settlers but also leading to a massive enslaved African population, making it a key player in colonial life, the Revolution, and the eventual secession from the Union

John Brown

an American abolitionist in the decades preceding the Civil War. First reaching national prominence in the 1850s for his radical abolitionism and fighting in Bleeding Kansas

Fort Sumter

the site where the first shots of the American Civil War were fired on April 12, 1861

Strengths of the Confederacy

fighting a defensive war on familiar territory with strong initial military leadership, higher soldier morale due to defending their homes, and strategic use of interior lines and railroads for troop movement

Strengths of the Union

included a significantly larger population, a vastly superior industrial and manufacturing base, a more extensive railroad system for transportation, a well-established, functioning federal government, and a larger treasury and financial resources

Confederate invasion in the North

key strategic moves, primarily led by Robert E. Lee, aiming for decisive victories on Union soil to gain foreign recognition and pressure the North into peace

Lincoln’s main goal at the beginning of the Civil War

to preserve the Union and prevent the United States from permanently splitting apart

Lincoln assassination

assassinated by actor John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C.

Freedmen’s Bureau

was a U.S. government agency created in 1865 after the Civil War to help millions of formerly enslaved African Americans and poor whites in the South transition to freedom, providing food, housing, medical aid, education, and legal assistance

Limitations on voting for African Americans after the Civil War

the South implemented new laws to restrict the voting rights of African Americans. Requirements were to owning property, pay poll taxes, and pass literacy or civics exams

Goals of the KKK during Reconstruction

to restore white supremacy in the South and to resist the Republican Party's Reconstruction

Bessemer Process

the first inexpensive industrial method for mass

New immigrants

arrived from Southern/Eastern Europe (Italy, Poland, Russia) and Asia, faced more discrimination due to language, religion (Catholic, Jewish, Orthodox), and lower literacy

Old immigrants

came from Northern/Western Europe (Germany, Ireland, UK), were often Protestant, literate, and assimilated more easily

Angel Island

on the West Coast from 1910

Push factors

driving people away

Pull factors

attracting people to a new place

Building materials for people living in the Great Plains

wood (timber, reclaimed beams), stone, brick, rammed earth, and sustainable options like straw bale

Government policy towards American Indians after the Indian Wars

forced cultural assimilation, aiming to dissolve tribal identities via land allotment (Dawes Act), boarding schools, and prohibiting traditions, leading to massive land loss

Supporters of the Populist Party

farmers, laborers, and the working class, especially in the rural South and West

The Jungle

A novel exposing the harsh realities of immigrant life in early 20th century Chicago, including unsanitary meatpacking practices

1898

made the United States a world power and led to the acquisition of overseas territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

Goals of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union

combating alcohol abuse to protect homes

W.E.B. DuBois

a figure for racial equality, advocating for immediate civil rights, voting rights, and higher education for Black Americans

Plessy v. Ferguson

a landmark United States Supreme Court decision ruling that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality. “seperate but equal”

Causes of World War I

MANIA created a tense Europe, with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in June 1914

Fighting on the Western Front

brutal, static trench warfare, a muddy, fortified network from Switzerland to the English Channel

US entering World War I

on April 6, 1917, after President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany, ending American neutrality

The Great Migration

was the movement of five million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West between 1910 and 1970

Central Powers

temporary alliance of nations, primarily Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria

Allied Powers

led by the "Big Four" (United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, China)

Treaty of Paris (1898)

was signed by Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898, and marked the official end of the Spanish–American War

Platt Amendment

a U.S. law forcing Cuba to accept conditions limiting its sovereignty, allowing U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs, restricting treaties with other nations, and granting the U.S. naval bases

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, was the immediate trigger for World War I

British blockade of Germany

a prolonged naval strategy using the superior Royal Navy to cut off Germany's access to food and raw materials, starving its people and military into submission

Convoy system

a strategy where ships or vehicles travel in groups for mutual protection

New weapons used during WWI

tanks, poison gas, submarines, flamethrowers, machine guns and fighter aircraft

American neutrality

post-WWI isolationist movement, fueled by concerns that bankers/munitions makers profited from war, led to laws banning arms sales, loans, and travel on belligerent ships

MANIA

Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, and Assassination, which acted as the trigger, turning a regional conflict into a global war