Intro to Immunology
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55 Terms
Learning Objective 1: Overview of the Immune System and Its Components
What is the immune system?
A network of tissues, cells, and molecules that protects the body against infection, injury, and malignancy
Learning Objective 1: Overview of the Immune System and Its Components
What four classes of pathogens confront the immune system?
Extracellular bacteria/parasites/fungi, intracellular bacteria/parasites, viruses, and parasitic worms.
Learning Objective 1: Overview of the Immune System and Its Components
Which category of pathogens do Streptococcus pneumoniae and Clostridium tetani belong to?
Extracellular bacteria.
Learning Objective 1: Overview of the Immune System and Its Components
Which category of pathogens do Mycobacterium leprae and Plasmodium falciparum belong to?
Intracellular bacteria and parasites.
Learning Objective 1: Overview of the Immune System and Its Components
Which category of pathogens do Variola, Influenza, and Varicella belong to?
Viruses.
Learning Objective 1: Overview of the Immune System and Its Components
Which category of pathogens do Ascaris and Schistosoma belong to?
Parasitic worms (extracellular).
Learning Objective 1: Overview of the Immune System and Its Components
What covers the first barriers to infection in the human body?
Epithelial tissue surfaces including skin, hair, nails, sinuses, respiratory tract, GI tract, and urogenital tract.
Learning Objective 1: Overview of the Immune System and Its Components
What normally colonizes the lumen of the human colon?
Large numbers of commensal bacteria.
Learning Objective 1: Overview of the Immune System and Its Components
How can antibiotic use lead to mucosal injury in the gut?
Antibiotics kill commensal bacteria, allowing pathogenic bacteria to gain a foothold and produce toxins.
Learning Objective 1: Overview of the Immune System and Its Components
What leaks into the gut between injured epithelial cells during mucosal damage?
Red and white blood cells.
Learning Objective 1: Overview of the Immune System and Its Components
What are two examples of autoimmune disorders influenced by the immune system?
Multiple Sclerosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Learning Objective 1: Overview of the Immune System and Its Components
What causes end-stage organ failure in sepsis?
Inflammation
Learning Objective 1: Overview of the Immune System and Its Components
What class of drugs is commonly used to block inflammation?
NSAIDs and Steroids.
Learning Objective 1: Overview of the Immune System and Its Components
Which immune components are frequently used as tools in research and rapid diagnostic assays?
Antibodies
Learning Objective 2: Differentiate "Innate or Natural" Immunity from "Adaptive or Specific" Immunity
What is the response time of the innate immune system?
Rapid (hours).
Learning Objective 2: Differentiate "Innate or Natural" Immunity from "Adaptive or Specific" Immunity
What is the response time of the adaptive immune system?
Slow (days to weeks).
Learning Objective 2: Differentiate "Innate or Natural" Immunity from "Adaptive or Specific" Immunity
How do recognition mechanisms differ in specificity between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate has a limited number of fixed specificities, while adaptive has numerous highly selective, variable specificities.
Learning Objective 2: Differentiate "Innate or Natural" Immunity from "Adaptive or Specific" Immunity
What happens to the adaptive immune response upon repeated or ongoing exposure to a pathogen?
It improves during the response.
Learning Objective 2: Differentiate "Innate or Natural" Immunity from "Adaptive or Specific" Immunity
What feature remains constant during an innate immune response?
Recognition mechanisms/specificity.
Learning Objective 2: Differentiate "Innate or Natural" Immunity from "Adaptive or Specific" Immunity
Do innate and adaptive immunity use different or common effector mechanisms to destroy pathogens?
They share common effector mechanisms for pathogen destruction
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
Where do all immune cells originate?
From hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow or fetal structures.
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
Which progenitor cell gives rise to macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes, and mast cells?
The common myeloid precursor.
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
Which progenitor cell gives rise to B cells, T cells, and NK cells?
The common lymphoid precursor.
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
Which leukocyte type is the most abundant in the blood?
Neutrophils (40–75%).
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
Which leukocyte type is the least abundant in the blood?
Basophils (<1%).
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
What is the proportion of lymphocytes among blood leukocytes?
20–50%.
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
What is the proportion of monocytes among blood leukocytes?
2–10%.
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
What is the proportion of eosinophils among blood leukocytes?
1–6%.
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
What are the primary functions of neutrophils?
Phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms.
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
Where are large reserves of neutrophils stored before being released during an infection?
In the bone marrow.
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
What happens to neutrophils after they engulf and kill bacteria in infected tissue?
They die in the tissue and are engulfed and degraded by macrophages.
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
What is the principal function of eosinophils?
Killing of antibody-coated parasites through the release of granule contents.
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
What is the primary function of basophils?
Controlling immune responses to parasites
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
How do mast cells expel parasites from the body?
By releasing granules containing histamine and other active agents.
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
What cell type differentiates into macrophages?
Monocytes
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
What are the primary functions of macrophages?
Phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms, activation of T cells, and initiation of immune responses.
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
What is the primary function of dendritic cells?
Activation of T cells and initiation of adaptive immune responses.
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
Which cells serve as myeloid-derived professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Macrophages and dendritic cells
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
What is the primary function of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
Killing cells infected with certain viruses
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
What antigen receptor feature is present on resting B cells?
Membrane-bound immunoglobulin (antibody).
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
What are the two main sub-lineages of T cells?
CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells.
Learning Objective 3: Describe the Principal Functions of Each Type of WBC and Their Distinguishing Features
What process occurs when a pathogen activates specific lymphocytes to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells?
Clonal selection and expansion
Learning Objective 4: Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Their Functions
What are the two primary lymphoid organs?
Bone marrow and thymus
Learning Objective 4: Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Their Functions
What are three examples of secondary lymphoid tissues/organs?
Spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches.
Learning Objective 4: Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Their Functions
Which type of immune cells uniquely recirculates continuously between blood and lymphatic vessels?
Lymphocytes
Learning Objective 4: Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Their Functions
Where do recirculating lymphocytes leave the lymphatic system to re-enter the blood?
At the left subclavian vein.
Learning Objective 4: Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Their Functions
What happens to a lymphocyte in a lymph node if it encounters a pathogen it recognizes?
It stops recirculating.
Learning Objective 4: Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Their Functions
Through which vessels do lymphocytes and antigen-bearing cells enter a lymph node?
Afferent lymphatic vessels.
Learning Objective 4: Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Their Functions
Through which vessel do lymphocytes leave a lymph node?
Efferent lymphatic vessel
Learning Objective 4: Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Their Functions
Which specific region of a lymph node consists mostly of B cells?
The lymphoid follicle
Learning Objective 4: Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Their Functions
Where within a lymph node follicle do B cells proliferate during an immune response?
The germinal center.
Learning Objective 4: Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Their Functions
Which region of the lymph node is predominantly occupied by T cells?
The T-cell area
Learning Objective 4: Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Their Functions
What are the two main functional regions of the spleen?
Red pulp and white pulp
Learning Objective 4: Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Their Functions
Which region of the spleen contains aggregations of lymphocytes?
White pulp
Learning Objective 4: Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Their Functions
Which structural sheath surrounds the central arteriole in the white pulp of the spleen?
Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath.