APC Week 12 Content

Order of Dynasties

唐尧虞舜夏商周，春秋战国乱悠悠，秦汉三国西东晋，南朝北朝是对头，隋唐五代又十国，宋元明清帝王休。

What were the periods before the first dynasty called?

Yao ⇒ Shun ⇒ Yu ; Tang Yao, Yu Shun

尧 ⇒ 舜 ⇒  禹 ; 唐尧, 虞舜

Which dynasty came first?

Xia Dynasty, it had abdication politics

夏朝 (禅让政治)

What is a characteristic of the Shang Dynasty?

Shang Dynasty oracle bones, the oracle bone inscriptions that appeared in the Shang Dynasty are the earliest Chinese written symbols discovered so far.

商朝甲骨文: 商代出现的甲骨文是目前发现的中国最早的文字符号。

Warring States Period known as (战国时代)?

东周 (Eastern Zhou Dynasty)

What were the seven kingdoms of the warring states period? (战国七雄)

Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, Qi, Qin. Qin conquered the six kingdoms and unified China

韩, 赵, 魏, 楚, 燕, 齐, 秦。秦灭六国, 统一中国。

Hundred （four) schools of thought?

Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, Legalism

诸子百家 - 儒, 道, 墨, 法

What is special about Qin Shi Huang（秦始皇)?

Qin Shi Huang was the first person in Chinese history to implement a centralized system and the first person in Chinese history to use the title of "Emperor". Standardize writing, railway tracks, currency, and weights and measures。 Also built the Great Wall.

秦始皇是中国历史上第一个实行中央集权体制也是中国历史上第一个使用“皇帝”称号的君主。 统一文字，车轨，货币，度量衡。而且，车同轨。

What is the meaning of Qin Shi Huang’s name (皇帝)?

(He possessed the virtues of the Three Sovereigns and the merits of the Five Emperors)

(德兼三皇, 功过五帝)

What is the signifigane of 秦始皇 standardizing writing (书同文)?

Before Qin Shi Huang unified the six kingdoms, the writing systems of the six kingdoms were different. This caused serious obstacles to the implementation of government orders and cultural exchanges. Therefore, after unifying the six kingdoms, Qin Shi Huang made unifying the writing system the first thing to do. He used the Qin writing system as the basis and referred to the writing systems of the other six kingdoms to create a new writing system called "Qin Zhuan", also known as "Xiaozhuan".

秦始皇统一六国以前，六国的文字都不相同。这对政令的推行和文化交流造成了严重阻碍。因此在统一六国后，秦始皇就把统一文字作为首先要解决的事情，他以秦国文字为基础，再参考其他六国文字，创造出一种新的文字，称为“秦篆”，又称“小篆”。

What is the difference between roads then and now?

The roads in ancient times were not as flat and solid as they are today, and the roads were not affected by wind or rain. The building materials in ancient times were limited, and there was no cement or asphalt.

古代的道路不像现在一样，路面平坦坚固，刮风下雨路面都不受影响。古代的建筑材料有限，没有水泥和柏油.

What impact did the vehicles have in the road?

Therefore, when a car runs for a long time, the wheels will leave two deep wheel marks on the road, that is, ruts, and all subsequent vehicles will run in these two ruts. This kind of rut is very beneficial to the driving of vehicles in the country.

因此，车子行驶的时间一长，车轮就会在路上留下两道深深的车轮痕迹，即车辙,以后的车辆都是在这两道车辙中行走。这种车辙，对本国国家的车辆行驶非常的有利。

How were roads helpful during the Warring States Period?

During the Warring States Period, the track of one country was different in size from that of other countries, so it could not fit into the two ruts, and the vehicles of other countries could no longer travel on the road. Therefore, each country used the different sizes of tracks for defense to prevent invasion from other countries.

而战国时期，一个国家的车轨与其他国家的尺寸不同，因此无法套进这两道车辙中,他国的车辆就无法再到路上行走。 所以各国利用这种不同尺寸的车轨来进行防御,以阻挡其他国家侵略。

How were road tracks regulated and why?

After Qin Shihuang unified the six kingdoms, he stipulated the size of the national tracks. In this way, vehicles across the country could travel freely on all roads, which was of great significance to the economy, military, and people's livelihood of various places.

等到秦始皇统一了六国后，就规定了全国车轨的尺寸，这样一来，全国的车可以在各条道路上自由行走，对于各地的经济、军事以及国计民生有着非常重大的意义。

What was China like before weights and measures were standardized?

Before Qin Shi Huang unified the six kingdoms, the measurement units of each country were very confusing. These differences would make the market after the Qin Dynasty unified into a mess, and commodity exchange would not be possible, so the unification of weights and measures became a matter that had to be resolved.

秦始皇统一六国之前，国与国的计量单位十分混乱。这些不同，会把秦国统一后的市场弄成一团乱麻，商品交换也无法进行，因此统一度量衡就成了一件必须要解决的事了。

How did Qin Shi Huang unify the systems of measurements and weights?

So Qin Shi Huang set the units of length as Cun (inch), Chi (foot), Zhang (ten feet), and Yin, and implemented the decimal system. The units of weight were also specified, thus unifying the weights and measures.

于是秦始皇把长度的单位定为寸、尺、丈、引，实行十进位制。重量的单位也做了规定，这样，度量衡就实行了统一。

What was currency like before Qin Shi Huang?

At that time, the currencies of various countries were varied, including cloth coins, knife coins, round coins, copper shells, etc., and they were all different in size and weight. Currency unification was the top priority for national development.

当时各国货币五花八门，有布币、刀币、圆钱、铜贝等形状，且大小、轻重都不相同。货币统一是国家发展的重中之重。

How did Qin Shi Huang unify the currency system?

Qin Shi Huang ordered that the right to mint currency belong to the state; that the types of currency be determined; that the currencies of the six states be abolished; and that Qin's round copper coins with square holes and gold be made legal tender.

秦始皇下令：货币铸造权归国家所有；确定货币种类；废除原来六国的货币。把秦的圆形方孔铜钱和黄金定为法定货币。

Why did Qin Shi Huang burn books and bury scholars?

The people were forbidden to slander the government. Qin Shi Huang adopted Li Si's suggestion and ordered the burning of the historical records of various countries except the "Qin Ji".

禁止百姓诽谤朝政。秦始皇采纳李斯的建议，下令焚烧《秦记》以外的列国史記。

How was the construction of the Great Wall?

Building the Great Wall separated people from their families; the Great Wall was built with the blood, tears and bones of the people (the story of Meng Jiangnu can be cited as an example).

修长城, 使百姓妻离子散,长城是用百姓的血泪与白骨筑成 (可举出孟姜女的故事)。

How was the construction of the Afang Palace?

Building the Afang Palace was a waste of money and manpower, and consumed national strength for their own enjoyment.

建阿房宫, 劳民伤财, 消耗国家实力, 供其享用。

What are the terracotta soldiers considerd?

In 1987, the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and the Terracotta Warriors were listed as World Cultural Heritage Site.

1987年，秦始皇陵及兵马俑被列为世界文化遗产。

What was the Han Dynasty? (汉-西汉朝）

The Han Dynasty was a powerful empire that created a brilliant civilization. Many people rank the Han Dynasty with the Roman Empire in Europe and the Maurya Empire in India as the most advanced civilizations in the world at the time.

汉朝是一个强大的帝国，创造了灿烂辉煌的文明。许多人将汉朝和同时期欧洲的罗马帝国与印度的孔雀王朝并列为当时世界上最先进的文明。

How did the Han Dynasty establish the Silk Roads?

Emperor Wu of Han sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions to develop the Silk Road

汉武帝派张骞出使西域, 开展丝路

What are some important inventions in the Han Dynasty?

Important inventions: abacus, papermaking, gunpowder, acupuncture, porcelain, seismometer, Sima Qian - Records of the Grand Historian, etc.

重要发明:珠算, 造纸, 火药, 针灸, 瓷器, 地动仪， 司马迁-史记 等等。

What were the three warring empires called during Three kingdoms?

Wei, Shu, and Wu

魏,蜀,吴

Who were the Three Heroes of Peach Garden?

The Three Heroes of Peach Garden: Liu Bei, Guan Gong, Zhang Fei

桃园三结义: 刘备, 关公, 张飞

Who was Zhugeliang 诸葛亮?

AKA Kong Ming, was a strategist and former Imperial Chancellor of Shu Han. Strategies: Borrowing arrows from a straw boat, Empty City Strategy, Burning the linked boats

倭寇战略家、前蜀汉宰相. 草船借箭， 空城计，火烧连环船

What was the Jin Dynasty (晋朝)?

Western Jin Dynasty-->Five Barbarians Invading China; the most miserable period for Han people in Chinese history.

西晋-->五胡乱华; 中国历史上汉人最悲惨的时

What was the Sui Dynasty (隋朝)?

The beginning of the prosperous Tang Dynasty

开启唐朝盛世

What was the Tang Dynasty (唐朝)?

Tang poetry flourished during the heyday of the Tang Dynasty

大唐盛世，唐诗盛行

What was the Song Dynasty?

The country was weak, and Song poetry flourished
国力虚弱，宋词盛行

What was the Yuan Dynasty?

Mongol rule; the dynasty with the largest territory in Chinese history; Marco Polo's Travels

蒙古人统治; 中国历史上领土最大的朝代; 马可波罗游记

What was the Qing Dynasty?

Jurchens (Manchus) ruled the last dynasty of China

女真人(满族人) 统治, 中国最后一个王朝

Describe the clothing of the Han Dynasty 传统服装－汉服

Hanfu is the oldest traditional clothing in China, which was developed in the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD). Its main features are "cross collar, right lapel, upper garment and lower skirt". Korean Hanbok and Japanese Kimono are both developed on the basis of Hanfu.

在中国汉服是最古老的传统服装，是在汉朝（公元前 206 年 - 公元 220 年）开发的。主要特点是“交领右衽，上衣下裳” 。韩国的韩服和日本的和服都是在汉服的基础上发展而来的。

Describe the male clothing style Ma Gua (长袍马褂)

The Ma褂 is a kind of men's clothing in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. It is regarded as a kind of coat or jacket, worn over the long gown, and is similar to the long gown "长袍马褂".

马褂是中国清代及民国男式服装，被视为一种外套或夹克，套在长袍外面穿用，与长袍「长袍马褂」。

Describe the female clothing style of cheongsam (旗袍)

The cheongsam originated in the Qing Dynasty (17th-20th century) and is the dressing style of Manchu women. At that time, the Han people called the Manchus "bannermen". Manchu women all wore long skirts, which were called "robes". The combined meaning of cheongsam is "long skirts worn by bannermen". The characteristics of cheongsam are: close-fitting, one-piece dress, knotted with cloth buttons on the right side, and two wide openings on both sides of the hips. The cheongsam can fully show the beautiful figure of women. Until today, Chinese women mostly wear cheongsams on important occasions.

旗袍是起源于清朝（17-20世纪），它是满族女性的穿衣风格。当时汉人称满族人为「旗人」。满族女性都穿长裙，长裙就是「袍」。旗袍合起来的意思是「旗人穿的长裙」。旗袍的特点是： 贴身剪裁、连身裙、右侧用布纽扣打结、臀部两侧有两个宽阔的开口。旗袍可以充分表现出女性优美的体态，一直到今天，在重要的场合中，中国女性大多穿着旗袍。

Describe the Tang Zhuang style of clothing (唐装）

"Tang suit" is not a Tang Dynasty costume, but a modern costume designed by modifying the Qing Dynasty jacket with a stand-up collar and western-style three-dimensional cutting. Westerners named this jacket "Tang suit" because the Tang Dynasty is the most famous Chinese dynasty in the West, and Chinese people are also called "Tang people".

Its characteristics are the stand-up collar and buttons.

On the traditional Tang suit, there are also some Chinese characters, such as auspiciousness (Fu) and longevity (Shou). It is said that these will bring prosperity and satisfaction to the wearer.

“唐装”不是唐代的服装，而是改良过的清代马褂，加入立领和西式立体裁剪所设计的现代服饰。西方人给这件上衣取名”唐装”是因为唐朝是西方最著名的中国王朝，中国人也被称为”唐人”。它的特点是立领及盘扣。

在传统的唐装上，还会有一些汉字，例如吉祥（福）和长寿（寿）。听说这些会给穿着的人带来繁荣和满足。

Who was 孙中山?

Sun Yat-sen was a Chinese physician, revolutionary, statesman, and political philosopher who founded the Republic of China and its first political party, the Kuomintang. As the paramount leader of the 1911 Revolution, Sun is credited with overthrowing the Qing imperial dynasty and served as the first president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912) and as the inaugural leader of the Kuomintang.

孙中山是一位中国医生、革命家、政治家和政治哲学家，他创立了中华民国及其第一个政党——国民党。作为 1911 年辛亥革命的最高领导人，孙中山被誉为推翻清朝的功臣，并担任中华民国临时政府（1912 年）第一任总统和国民党首任领导人。

Describe the style derived from Taiwanese leader 孙中山_， 中山装

Around the beginning of the Republic of China, when Sun Yat-sen was in Japan, he saw the simple and elegant clothes worn by Japanese students, so he asked a fashion designer to modify them. The characteristics of the suit are that there is a pocket with a cover and buttons on the top, bottom, left and right. The shape is elegant, and the common colors are dark blue, black and gray. It can be used as formal wear or casual wear. Now the Zhongshan suit has been called the representative dress for Chinese men.

大约是民国初期左右，孙中山先生在日本的时候，看到日本学生穿的服装，简单大方，就请服装师加以改造，它的特点是上下左右各有一个带盖子和扣子的口袋。外形大方，常见的颜色有深蓝，黑色和灰色，它可以做礼服，也可以做便服。现在中山装已被称为中国男士礼服的代表服装。