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astronomy
the study of the stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies
Astrology
True
True or false? Astronomy is the oldest, most exciting, and most unpredictable of all sciences
amateurs
Many new discoveries in astronomy are made every day by astronomers and ___________
cosmology
study of the universe (origin and structure)
universe
largest in astronomy
local group
cluster of galaxies
galaxy
group of stars which revolve around central point
star
hot, bright sphere of gas
Universe
Local group
quasars
very distant, intense radio sources that are like stars, but larger, brighter, and are massive
pulsar
distant objects that send out rapid bursts of energy (light and radio waves); blink on and off
Neutron stars
What is another word for a pulsar?
Black holes
where a star has died, collapsed, and the gravity is so strong that no light can escape. Very dense!
big bang theory
all of the energy and matter of the universe originally existed in an incomprehensibly hot and dense state. Huge cosmic explosion and the pieces slowly formed galaxies, which then formed stars and solar systems.
Big Bang theory
What occurred about 13
true
True or false? The universe is still expanding with more space between the galaxies
edge
The Big Bang theory states there is a beginning and an ______ to our Universe
red
Most galaxies exhibit a ___ spectral shift to the Milky Way
greatest
Far galaxies have _______________ shift
"Big Chill"
stars will burn out, and galaxies will become more widely separated in an endless cold, dark universe
"Big Crunch"
outward expansion will stop and gravitational contraction will follow
How and when was the Universe created?
Will the universe ever end?
How was our Solar System created?
Does life exist elsewhere in the Universe?
What are the important questions that remain?
Astronomy began with farmers observing the heavens to plant crops
What happened in astronomy in 8,000 B.C.E.?
Babylonians founded astrology and made a lunar calendar
What happened in astronomy in 3,000 B.C.E.?
Egyptians made solar calendar and sun dials, Chinese recorded comets and eclipses, and Arabians kept star charts and named many stars
What happened in astronomy in 2,500 B.C.E.?
Aldebaran and Betelgeuse
What are examples of an Arabic civilization that kept star charts and named many stars?
600 B.C.E
150 C.E.
Aristotle
________________ said that the Earth was spherical due to the curved shadow casted when it eclipses the Moon
Hipparchus
_____________ developed a star catalog, plotted the location of 850 stars, and categorized them into six groups based on brightness. System still used today
Eratosthenes
___________ used observations, geometry, and trigonometry to determine the circumference of the Earth
Ptolemy
__________ recorded all astronomical knowledge up to that time in his book called the Almagest. Developed the geocentric unisverse based on Aristotle's teachings.
Ptolemy
Who had the dominant view of Earth for 2,000 years?
Retrograde motion
the apparent backwards motion of five visible planets against the background of stars
Ptolemy
Who discovered retrograde motion?
Baghdad
Who became the center of astronomy during the Dark Ages?
Because of the Renaissance
In the 1400's, why was astronomy reborn?
Nicholaus Copernicus
___________ proposed the Heliocentric Universe. Planets revolved around the Sun in pathways. Concluded Earth was a planet.
Nicholaus Copernicus
Who went against the Church's views, but did not suffer since his works were published on his deathbed in 1543?
Tycho Brahe
_________ disagreed with Copernicus and believed in the geocentric universe even though his observations of the planets show that Copernicus was right
stellar parallax
the apparent shift in a star's position due to the revolution of Earth
Tycho Brahe
Who set up the first modern observatory?
tycho brahe
Who discovered comets and novae are not in our universe?
Denmark
Where was Brahe unpopular at?
Johannes Kepler
Who was Tycho Brahe's assistant?
True
True or false? Kepler believed in the Copernican view (heliocentric)
The planets move around the Sun in ellipses
When a planet is close to the Sun, it moves faster in its orbit than when it is farther away.
A planet's period (how long it takes to go around the Sun once) can be used to figure out its average distance from the Sun. p2=a3
What are Kelper's laws of planetary motion?
Being in Poland
How did Kepler avoid the wrath of the church?
Gallileo Galilei
Who did a lot of work in physics and invented the early telescope?
Observed Jupiter's four largest moons
Planets are disks rather than just points of light
Venus exhibits phases like the Moon
Features of the moon
Discovered sunspots
What are the important discoveres of Galileo?
Isaac Newton
__________ studied math and science, came up with the idea of gravity
gravity
an invisible force which holds the solar system together
Law of Universal Gravity
What explains why the planets remain in orbit around the Sun?
action
reaction laws
Isaac Newton
Because of ______________, church began slowly changing views on astronomy
miles, kilometers
We use _______ and ______ to measure distances on Earth and within the solar system
238,000
From Earth to Moon is _________ miles
25 million
From Earth to Venus is _________________ miles
Astronomical Unit (AU)
93 million miles
Astronomical units
What is used to determine very long distances in solar system
The distance light travels in 1 year
What is 1 light year?
1 light year
What is 6 trillion miles?
parsec
space measurement that equals 3.26 light years
parsecs
What is used for interstellar and intergalatic distances?
refractors
reflectors
What are the two types of optical telescopes?
refractors
uses lenses to gather and focus starlight to a point (invented by Galileo)
refractors
What telescope produces an upside down image?
Yerkes Observatory
The largest refractor telescope is near Chicago and has a 40" lens in diameter, what is it?
fuzzy distorted images from light rays bent through large lens
different colors were produced from the light
hard to grind large lens accurately
What are the problems with large refractors?
reflectors
uses a curved mirror to gather and focus starlight (invented by Newton)
reflectors
what are the largest telescopes in the world?
Hale Telescope
What is the largest reflector in California and has a 200' mirror in diameter?
Not as many lens to distort images
Mirror supported from back, whereas lens only supported on its edges
Shorter tube for scope
What are advantages of reflectors over refractors?
Photographic film and CCDS
Active optics
Interferometer
Adaptive optics
What are advances in light collection?
CCD chips
What can be designed to detect IR and UV light?
Charge
coupled devices
Active optics
Uses motors to drive numerous precisely controlled supports that push or pull on the mirror to compensate for the distortions produced by gravity, wind, and other forces
Interferometer
Using connecting telescopes together to function as one larger telescope
Adaptive optics
Uses computer controlled deformable mirrors to cancel out real time effects of atmospheric turbulence
Away from city lights and pollution
Air is thinner at higher altitudes so telescope image is less distorted
Weather conditions are more ideal (less chance of rain/clouds)
Why are telescopes and observatories located on mountains in dry areas?
Radio astronomy
The study of radio waves in outer space
Radio telescope
Parabolic dish that collects and focuses radio waves using an antenna into special receivers to record direction, strength, and wavelength of signals
100 meter Steerable Robert C? Byrd Radio Telescope, West Virgina
What is an example of a radio telescope?
Non
steerable 2. Steerable
Non
steerable
Steerable
Able to move
Radio waves can pass right through clouds of dust in space, where light rays are blocked out.
Radio telescopes can be used day or night on Earth
What are the advantages of radio telescopes over light telescopes?
Space telescopes
____________ avoid pollution, city lights, and the Earth's atmosphere, and can detect optical light and other ranges on the electromagnetic spectrum
Hubble Space Telescope
has an enormous range of discoveries such as evidence to support the nebular hypothesis, black holes in the centers of large galaxies, and has been able for us to produce the Ultra
Hubble Space Telescope
What was launched April 24, 1990 and will last until 2030
James Webb Space Telescope
What is the successor of the Hubble, launched December 25,2021. An infrared telescope with a primary mirror of 6.5 meters in diameter, it will provide more than six times the light gathering area of the Hubble
nebular theory
The James Webb Space Telescope has sensitive instruments that will be used to measure the chemical and physical properties of other solar systems, observes the first stars and galaxies formed after the Big Bang, and test ______________ of our solar system's formation
8
8.5 minutes
1 million
How many Earths would fit inside the Sun?
Light and Heat
What two things do we DIRECTLY depend on from the Sun?
False, close
True or false? The reason the Sun is so big and bright is because it is so far
Food and Fuels
What are we indirectly dependent on Sun for?
Food
Made by plants through photosynthesis
Fuel
Formed from past and animal material
Coal, oil, and natural gas
What are some examples of fuels?
Note 
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