Sensation and Perception

Selective attention

Focusing on particular stimulus

Perceptiul set

Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

Gestalt

An organized whole

Tendencyto integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes

Figure ground

Organization of objects visible that stand ot from their surroundings

Grouping

Tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

Depth perception

Seeing objects in three-dimension but striking the retina is two dimensional allowing us to judge distqance

Visual cliff

Device for testing depth perception infants and young animals

Binocular cues

A depth use retinal disparity that depends on use of both eyes

Convergence

A cute to a nearby objects distance inabled by the inward angle of the eyes

Retinal disparoty

two perceibingf depth compares images from 22 eyes and computes distance the disparity btwn the imahhes the closer the objects is

Monocular cue

Depth cue Interposition/linear perspective available to either eye

Strobospic movement

An illusion of movement rapid series of slightluu varyong still images Phi

Phi phenomenon

Illusion of movement where adhjacent blinking light on and off in succession

Autokinetic effect

Illusoty movement of a still spot of light in a dark room

Color constancy

Familiar object having consistent color even if light changes/wave length

Perceptual adaptatipon

Changing sensory in pit including and artificalliy mdisplaced or even inverted visual field

Inattential blindless

Failing to see visable objects when our direction is directed elsewhere

Change blindness

Failing to notice changes in the environment

Sensation

How our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

Sencory receptors

Sensory nerves that respond to stimulu

Audition

Sense or act of hearig

Frequenct

Number of complete wavelength that passes at a given time

ex sec

Pitch

Tone whether its high or low. depends ofn frequencyHO

How is loudness and pitch measured

Loud-Height (taller =Louder)

Pitch-Wavelength (Longer =Higher)

Middle Ear

Chamber between eardrum and cochlea which contain 3 obones which concentrate the vibrations

Cochlea

Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in inner ear. SOund Waves travel through and trigger nerve impulsees

Inner Ear

Inner most part of ear contains chlea semicircular canals, and vesticular sacs

Sensorial hearing loss

The most common hearing loss. Caused by damage in cochlea’s receptor cells or auditory nerve. Nerve deafnessC

Conductipon hearing loss

less common which is damage to the mechanical system which controls/conducts sound waves to the cochle3a

Cochlear implant

Converts sounds, into electrical signals and stimulants auditory nerve through electrodes into the cochlea

Place theory

We perceive pitch case on the max vibration on the basilat membrane with in the cochlea

Frequency matchinff theory

Rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches. the frequency of a tone letting us sense pitch

Gat Control theory

Spinal cords have dgates where it allows pain in if it has a signal.

Nociceptors

Sensory receptors that detect harmful tempaturs pressure or chemicals

Gustation

Our sense of tasteOl

Olfaction

Our sense of ssmell

Kinesthesis

Sensing the position and movement of individual body parerts

Vestibular senwse

Sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance

Sensory interaction

One sense can influence another

ex when smell affects our taste buds

skittles

Embodides cognition

influence of body sensations gestures and other cognitive preferences and judgements

Sensation

How our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment .

-vision

-smell

-taste

-etc

Sensory receptors

Sensory nerves that respond to stimuli

What is sensation

The biological process of sensing the world through various systems in our body like vision and hearing

Perception

How our brain organizes sensory info which allows us to recognize objects and events as meaningful

bottom us processing

Information processing which begins in the sensory receptors than goes to the brain’s integration of sensory info

Top down processing

Taking info guided by higher-level mental process. Constructing based on experience and expectations

Transduction

Turning Energy into a neural impulse. Taking things like signs, sounds, and smells into something the brain can understand.

Psychophysics

The relationship between physical stimuli and mental phenomena

What three basic task do all our senses perofdorm

-Receiving info

-Transforming energies

-Deliver info to the brain

Absolute thresholds

Minimum stimulus energy needed to detect specific stimulus 50 % of the time

Signal detection theory

How we concentrate on one thing when multiple things are happening

ex: lunch room/cafeteria

Sublimal

Beow one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness D

ifference thresholds

The minimum amount of change needed in stimuli in order for the sense it 50% of the time

Weber’s Law

The just notible difference between 2 stimuli of the og

Sensory adaption

The lessoned sensitity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Why do we not pay attention to some things

As we’re exposed to unchanging stimuli we’re less aware of it because we see the world as how it is useful to us instead of how it actually is

Wavelength

The differences between one light/sound peaak wave to another

Hues

The dimension of color based on the wavelength of light. What we know as blue green etc

Cornea

Eye’s clear protective outer layer covers pupil and iris

Pupil

Adjustable opening in center which light enters

Iris

Ring of muscle/tissue which is the colored part around the pupil. controls the zsize of pupil opening

Lens

Transparent structure behind the pupil which changes shape to help focus images on the re

Accommodation

How the eyes lens changes form to focus images of near and far objects on the retina

Retina

Light sensitive back inner surface the eye contains receptor rods and cones plus a layer of neurons wherer the processing of visual info begins

Rods

Receptors detecting black, white and gray. Necesscary for perphereal vision and twilight vision

Cones

Receptors near the center of the retina. Function in daylight/well -lit condition. Detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

Fovea

Central focal point in retina. WHere eye cones cluster

OPtic Nerve

Carries neutral impulses from eye to brain

Blind spot

Point where optic nerve leaves creating a blind spot bc there aren't any receptor cells located there

Young Heimholtz trichromatic/3color theory

Theory where the retinal only contains the color green,blue and yellow. WHen stimulated produce the perception of any colorOp

ponent-process theory

suggest that cv hass opposingg pairs of colors red-gree blue-yellow blac-white and that only one color in each paitr can be perceived at a time

Feature detectors

Nerves in the visual cortex which responds to specific features pof stimuli, shape, movement, etc

Parallel processing

Processing multiple aspects of stimuli simultaneously. Allowing us to analyze multiple aspects of any sensory signals coming its way

-Happens unconsciously