AP Bio - Unit 3

Anabolic reaction

Energy and smaller molecules create larger molecule (ex: photosynthesis)

Catabolic reaction

Larger molecule broken down into energy and smaller molecules (ex: cellular respiration)

Exegonic reaction

Reaction where energy is released, occur spontaneously

Endergonic reaction

Reaction that requires energy

Coupling reactions

The released energy of an exegonic reaction used to fuel an endergonic reaction; used by ATP when it releases the third phosphate

Catalysts

Something that alters the rate of reaction

Enzyme

Catalyzing reactions by lowering activation energy, made of protein chains

pH and enzymes

Higher pH, more hydrogen bonds pulling at the shape of the enzymes

Denaturation

When an enzyme loses its shape; can occur with factors such as pH and temperature

Competitive inhibitor

Inhibitor - Competing with the substrate for the active site on the enzyme

Noncompetitive inhibitors

Inhibitor - binds to a part of the enzyme (not the active site), so that it changes shape

Allosteric site

Enzyme regulators bind here, so that the enzyme changes shape and is able to stop catalyzing products when needed

Coenzyme

Organic cofactor

Cofactor

"Helpers" that enable the enzyme to function properly; ex - metal ions

Alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation

Two types of fermentation

Cellular respiration

The process of creating ATP energy from glucose

Alcoholic fermentation

After glycolysis, pyruvate is converted to ethanol - occurs in yeast cells

Lactic acid fermentation

After glycolysis, pryuvate is reduced by NADH and lactic acid is created as a waste product - occurs in

Pryuvate, NADH, ATP

Products of glycolysis

Pyruvate is oxidized by NAD+, letting off CO2, and then linking to Coenzyme A to create Acetyl CoA

Next step in cellular respiration after pyruvate goes into the mitochondria

ADP, NADH, FADH2 (also releases C02)

Products of the Kreb Cycle

Process of making ATP using the stored energy in the ETC

Oxidative phosphorylation

Step of oxidative phosphorylation - movement of ions down the electrochemical gradient, energy used by ATP Synthase to create ATP from ADP

Chemiosmosis

NADH and FADH2

The molecules that bring electrons to the ETC in cellular respiration

O2, combines with H to create water

The final electron acceptor in cellular respiration

It keeps the electrochemical gradient balanced the way it should be; H goes out so FADH and NADH2 can drop off more molecules

Why is O2 necessary for oxidative phosphorylation?

Autotrophs

Plants/ self feeders

Heterotrophs

Organisms relying on compounds produced by other organisms for energy, also called consumers

Stroma

Where CO2 enters and H2O exits a plant; similar to the matrix of mitochondria

Thykaloid

Where photosynthesis reactions take place in the chloroplast; light dependent reactions occur in the membrane and Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma

Create energy to drive the Calvin Cycle through the creation of ATP and NADH

What is the purpose of light dependent reactions?

Light is absorbed, electrons in Photosystem II are excited and bump up to the primary acceptor

What happens first in light dependent reactions?

They go through the ETC into Photosystem I

Where do electrons go after being excited in Photosystem II?

Light energy excites the electrons to the primary acceptor of Photosystem I

What happens to electrons in Photosystem I?

NADP+ is reduced and carries the electrons to the Calvin Cycle

After being sent out of Photosystem I, where do electrons go?

Stroma = low hydrogen concentration, interior of thykaloid (thykaloid lumen) = high concentration

Where are the highs and lows of the concentration gradient in photosynthesis?

ATP Synthase uses the concentration gradient of the thykaloid to power combination of Pi and ADP (process called chemiosmosis)

How is ATP created in light dependent reactions?

Combines with a 5 carbon acceptor molecule called RuBP - catalyzed by enzyme called rubisco

What happens to CO2 first in the Calvin Cycle?

The CO2/RuBP combination splits into 2 molecules of 3-PGA

After CO2 combines with RuBP in the Calvin Cycle, what happens? (Aka carbon fixation phase)

Using NADPH and ATP from the light dependent reactions, 3-PGA is reduced into G3P

In the Calvin Cycle, what occurs during the Reduction stage?

G3P either exits the cycle to create glucose, or goes to regenerate RuBP

In the Calvin Cycle, where do the molecules of G3P go? (Aka regeneration phase)