AP Bio - Unit 3

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Biology

11th

41 Terms

1
Anabolic reaction
Energy and smaller molecules create larger molecule (ex: photosynthesis)
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2
Catabolic reaction
Larger molecule broken down into energy and smaller molecules (ex: cellular respiration)
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3
Exegonic reaction
Reaction where energy is released, occur spontaneously
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4
Endergonic reaction
Reaction that requires energy
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5
Coupling reactions
The released energy of an exegonic reaction used to fuel an endergonic reaction; used by ATP when it releases the third phosphate
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6
Catalysts
Something that alters the rate of reaction
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7
Enzyme
Catalyzing reactions by lowering activation energy, made of protein chains
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8
pH and enzymes
Higher pH, more hydrogen bonds pulling at the shape of the enzymes
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9
Denaturation
When an enzyme loses its shape; can occur with factors such as pH and temperature
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10
Competitive inhibitor
Inhibitor - Competing with the substrate for the active site on the enzyme
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11
Noncompetitive inhibitors
Inhibitor - binds to a part of the enzyme (not the active site), so that it changes shape
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12
Allosteric site
Enzyme regulators bind here, so that the enzyme changes shape and is able to stop catalyzing products when needed
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13
Coenzyme
Organic cofactor
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14
Cofactor
"Helpers" that enable the enzyme to function properly; ex - metal ions
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15
Alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation
Two types of fermentation
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16
Cellular respiration
The process of creating ATP energy from glucose
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17
Alcoholic fermentation
After glycolysis, pyruvate is converted to ethanol - occurs in yeast cells
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18
Lactic acid fermentation
After glycolysis, pryuvate is reduced by NADH and lactic acid is created as a waste product - occurs in
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19
Pryuvate, NADH, ATP
Products of glycolysis
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20
Pyruvate is oxidized by NAD+, letting off CO2, and then linking to Coenzyme A to create Acetyl CoA
Next step in cellular respiration after pyruvate goes into the mitochondria
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21
ADP, NADH, FADH2 (also releases C02)
Products of the Kreb Cycle
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22
Process of making ATP using the stored energy in the ETC
Oxidative phosphorylation
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23
Step of oxidative phosphorylation - movement of ions down the electrochemical gradient, energy used by ATP Synthase to create ATP from ADP
Chemiosmosis
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24
NADH and FADH2
The molecules that bring electrons to the ETC in cellular respiration
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25
O2, combines with H to create water
The final electron acceptor in cellular respiration
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26
It keeps the electrochemical gradient balanced the way it should be; H goes out so FADH and NADH2 can drop off more molecules
Why is O2 necessary for oxidative phosphorylation?
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27
Autotrophs
Plants/ self feeders
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28
Heterotrophs
Organisms relying on compounds produced by other organisms for energy, also called consumers
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29
Stroma
Where CO2 enters and H2O exits a plant; similar to the matrix of mitochondria
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30
Thykaloid
Where photosynthesis reactions take place in the chloroplast; light dependent reactions occur in the membrane and Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma
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31
Create energy to drive the Calvin Cycle through the creation of ATP and NADH
What is the purpose of light dependent reactions?
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32
Light is absorbed, electrons in Photosystem II are excited and bump up to the primary acceptor
What happens first in light dependent reactions?
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33
They go through the ETC into Photosystem I
Where do electrons go after being excited in Photosystem II?
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34
Light energy excites the electrons to the primary acceptor of Photosystem I
What happens to electrons in Photosystem I?
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35
NADP+ is reduced and carries the electrons to the Calvin Cycle
After being sent out of Photosystem I, where do electrons go?
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36
Stroma = low hydrogen concentration, interior of thykaloid (thykaloid lumen) = high concentration
Where are the highs and lows of the concentration gradient in photosynthesis?
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37
ATP Synthase uses the concentration gradient of the thykaloid to power combination of Pi and ADP (process called chemiosmosis)
How is ATP created in light dependent reactions?
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38
Combines with a 5 carbon acceptor molecule called RuBP - catalyzed by enzyme called rubisco
What happens to CO2 first in the Calvin Cycle?
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39
The CO2/RuBP combination splits into 2 molecules of 3-PGA
After CO2 combines with RuBP in the Calvin Cycle, what happens? (Aka carbon fixation phase)
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40
Using NADPH and ATP from the light dependent reactions, 3-PGA is reduced into G3P
In the Calvin Cycle, what occurs during the Reduction stage?
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41
G3P either exits the cycle to create glucose, or goes to regenerate RuBP
In the Calvin Cycle, where do the molecules of G3P go? (Aka regeneration phase)
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