Psyc 101 Final Exam Review Questions (copy)

Flashcards for Psyc 101 Final Exam Review Questions

The statement that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" characterizes which perspective?

Gestalt Psychology

The relationship between smoking cigarettes and the number of years one lives is an example of a(n):

Correlation

An experiment in which the participants do not know whether they are receiving a treatment or not is called a:

Single-Blind Study

Which school of psychology focuses on how mental processes help people adapt to their environment?

Functionalism

When participants' illnesses change because they believe a treatment will have an effect, they are exhibiting:

The Placebo Effect

The basic belief of __ is that human behavior develops in response to rewards and punishment received.

Behaviorism

Which school of psychology breaks down conscious experience into parts such as objective sensations and subjective feelings?

Structuralism

What are the steps of the scientific method?

1. Observation. 2. Define the Problem. 3. Propose a Hypothesis. 4. Gather Evidence/Test the Hypothesis. 5. Build a Theory. 6. Publish Results

What are the Primary Goals of Psychology

Description, Explanation, Prediction, Control

Which modern perspective of psychology focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information?

Cognitive Perspective

Which modern perspective focuses on people’s ability to direct their own lives?

Humanistic Perspective

How do we represent strong and weak correlations?

Strong: +/- 1.0, Weak: Closer to 0

In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter is called:

Independent variable

Chemicals which carry messages from one neuron to another are called:

Neurotransmitters

What makes up the Central Nervous System?

Brain and Spinal Cord

Which is considered the “Master Gland?”

Pituitary Gland

Can Electrical Impulses cannot be transferred from neuron to neuron?

No

If two items are correlated, can you assume that one is the cause for the other?

No

Case Studies are a good method to use if you want to _

investigate rare or unusual conditions

The left brain is the side of the brain that is more focused on .

language, math, and logic

Psychology is the scientific study of _ and __.

behavior and mental processes

_ is a description of how two sets of data relate to each other.

Correlation

In an experiment, the group that receives the manipulation is called the ____ group.

Experimental

The is the space between two neurons.

Synapse

The Gene that controls the expression of a trait is called the ___

Dominant

Specialized neurons activated by outside stimuli are called:

Receptor Cells

When your brain ignores unchanging information and notices changes it is called :

Habituation

Sense of Taste is also known as _

Gustation

Monocular Cues are also called __

Pictorial depth cues

The learning of a voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences is called :

Operant Conditioning

A headache goes away when you take aspirin, so you learn to take aspirin to remove the unpleasant stimulus. this is an example of:

Negative Reinforcement

Banduras Bobo Doll Experiment demonstrated __

Observational Learning

What are the main memory processes? a. b. c.

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

Non-declarative long term memory is things people know how to do and is also often called:

Implicit Memory

Elizabeth Loftus’ 1975 study showed:

Eyewitness testimony can be unreliable.

Not being able to remember something because we never processed it into memory in the first place is called:

Encoding Failure

Having trouble learning to drive on the other side of the Road in England after you had initially learned to drive in the US is an example of

Proactive Interference

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development? a. b. c. d.

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

What theory of personality development states that At each of 8 stages of life an emotional crisis must be successfully met for normal development to occur?

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development

Portions of the brain responsible for impulse control and decision making are not complete until around what age?

25

What are Kohlberg’s levels of Morality? a. b. c.

Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional

The theory that our visual receptor cells respond to pairs of colors: Red/Green Blue/Yellow and Black white is called _

Opponent-Process Theory

Do Taste buds in different areas of your tongue taste different types of taste?

No

The memory system in which information is stored for around 30 seconds at a time while being used is called _

Short Term Memory

Do Intellectual abilities decline overall with Age?

No

Visual receptors for non-color sensitivity are called

Rods

The following picture is an example of which Gestalt Principal?

Similarity

The type of conditioning when a previously neutral stimulus causes a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus it is called

Classical Conditioning

A multiple-choice question on a test is an example of (Type of Retrieval)

Recognition

Physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral response to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging is commonly called

Stress

_ define personality as a set of learned responses or habits.

Behaviorists

Three Elements of Emotion are: a. b. c.

Physical arousal, Behavior, Inner Awareness of feelings

According to the Cognitive Arousal Theory, what two factors must be present in order for the experience of emotion to occur?

Physical arousal and Cognitive Label

The idea that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion is called:

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Changing one’s own behavior to match that of other people is called ____

Conformity

Changing one’s behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change is called ___

Compliance

Changing one’s behavior at the command of an authority figure is called

Obedience

The sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to that person’s impression or attitude is called:

Cognitive Dissonance

The tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors in determining behavior while underestimating situational factors is called the _

Fundamental Attribution Error

Negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group is called _

Prejudice

The Stanford Prison Experiment showed how people were quick to take on _ that were assigned to them and acted very differently because of it.

roles

The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave is called

Personality

According to Freud, the three parts of personality are: a. b. c.

Id, Ego, and Superego

What are the Big Five Personality Traits a. b. c. d. e.

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism

If someone is organized, neat, ambitious, and reliable they will likely score high on which of the big five traits?

Conscientiousness

Someone who is Ambitious, Time conscious, Extremely hardworking, Tends to have high levels of hostility and anger and is Easily annoyed would have a Type __ Personality.

Type A

Who developed Cognitive Arousal Theory?

Schachter and Singer

A famous study that showed how people are often very willing to obey authority figures even when they don’t believe what they are doing is right was conducted by _

Stanley Milgram

In the Bystander effect, help becomes as the number of bystanders increases.

less likely

Do Twin and adoption studies show that personality traits are not genetically inherited?

No

Going to work because you are paid to do so, is an example of ___ motivation?

Extrinsic

In Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: _ can be achieved only after all lower levels of needs have been met.

Self-Actualization

What field of Psychology looks at behavior and mental processes but also includes the social world in which we exist, as we are surrounded by others to whom we are connected and by whom we are influenced in many ways?

Social Psychology

Treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong is called ____

Discrimination

The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of what type of personality test?

Projective Test

What type of disorders are disorders in which the main symptom is excessive anxiety, worry or fearfulness

Anxiety Disorders

Which type of disorders involve a break in consciousness, memory, or a person’s sense of identity?

Dissociative Disorders

Disorders that are extremely rigid maladaptive patterns of behavior that prevent a person from normal social `interactions and relationships are

Personality Disorders

Action therapies that are based on the principles of classical and operant condition and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the cause of the behavior are called:

Behavior Therapies

Therapies that direction affect the biological functioning of the body and brain are called:

Biomedical Therapies