BIO 315 WSU LECTURE EXAM 1

A histologist examines a tissue using a light microscope and notices it contains a numerous amount of cells separated by an extracellular matrix containing numerous protein fibers. What kind of tissue is this?

Connective tissue

What is NOT a characteristic of epithelia?

Contains numerous blood capillaries

Which of the following structures is/are a part of the axial region of the body?

A) legs

B) fingers and toes

C) arms

D) wrists

E) Neck

E) neck

Which of the following is a dorsal body cavity?

A) thoracic cavity

B) mediastinum

C) abdominal cavity

D) pelvic cavity

E) vertebral cavity

E) Vertebral cavity

Which of the following organs is/are found in a part of the ventral body cavity?

A) heart

B) liver

C) stomach

D) urinary bladder

E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Which statement of the visceral serosa/pleura is FALSE?

A) it clings tightly to the outer surface of visceral organs

B) it is continuous with the parietal serosa

C) it is deep to the parietal serosa

D) it separates the internal from the external environment

E) it secretes lubricating fluid

D) it separates the internal from the external environment

A ____________ plane through the body divides it into anterior and posterior parts

Coronal plane

The medical imaging technique that utilizes radioactive isotopes injected into the body to produce the image is called what?

Positron emission tomography (PET scan)

The medical imaging technique that utilizes electromagnetic waves to produce a negative image of dense structures is called what?

X-ray

The medical imaging technique that takes successive x-rays around a person's full circumference and is viewed in a transverse plane is called what?

Computed axial tomography (CAT scan)

The medical imaging technique that utilizes powerful magnets to produce high-quality images of soft tissues is called what?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

The medical imaging technique that utilizes pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body's tissues to produce an image is called what?

Sonography (ultrasound imaging)

This organelle is characterized by folded membranes called cristae

A) golgi apparatus

B) lysosome

C) rough ER

D) mitochondria

E) peroxisome

D) mitochondria

This membranous organelle contains enzymes called acid hydolases that can break down material brought into cells by phagocytosis

lysosome

This type of cell junction consists of intracellular protein plaques connected by protein "chains" that span the extracellular space between the membranes of two neighboring cells

A) tight junctions

B) desmosomes

C) gap junctions

D) barrier junctions

E) loose junctions

B) desmosomes

In connective tissue proper, the components of the extracellular matrix are synthesized and secreted by which type of cell?

A) endothelial cells

B) chondroblasts

C) fibroblasts

D) osteocytes

E) mast cells

C) fibroblasts

Which of the following cytoskeleton elements are made of the protein actin?

A) microfilaments

B) neurofilaments

C) microtubules

D) keratin

E) intermediate filaments

A) microfilaments

What cytoskeleton element is made of the protein tubulin?

Microtubules

Blood is classified as what type of tissue?

connective

What type of cytoskeletal element is found in the core of cilia; these elements are arranged in doublets

A) microfilaments

B) intermediate filaments

C) microtubules

D) reticular fibers

E) elastic fibers

C) microtubules

Which of the following provides the least resistance to diffusion of molecules across the epithelium?

A) simple columnar epithelium

B) simple cuboidal

C) simple squamous

D) stratified squamous

E) stratified columnar

C) simple squamous

A pseudostratified epithelium is always __________.

A) cuboidal

B)ciliated

C) stratified

D) simple

E) squamous

D) simple

Which of the following is/are a type of loose connective tissue?

A) areolar connective tissue

B) reticular connective tissue

C) adipose (fat)

D) A and B only

E) A, B, and C

E) A, B, and C

Which of the following is/are a type of dense connective tissue?

A) areolar connective tissue

B) reticular connective tissue

C) dense irregular tissue

D) A and C only

E) none of the above

C) dense irregular tissue

Bone tissue is a kind of _________ tissue

A) connective

B) epithelial

C) supporting

D) muscle

E) none of the above

A) connective

The bone disorder __________ is when bones are inadequately mineralized in CHILDREN; insufficient Ca/P

Rickets

The bone disorder __________ is when bones are inadequately mineralized in ADULTS; insufficient Ca/P

Osteomalacia

The bone disorder ____________ occurs when bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition and occurs mostly in women after menopause

Osteoporosis

___________ is a form of bone cancer that usually occurs in the long bones of the upper and/or lower limbs

Osteosarcoma

________ bone is the dense outer layer of bones

A) spongey

B) compact

C) canaliculi

D) Red

E) none of the above

B) compact

_________ bone is an internal network of bone trabeculae

Spongey

What is the primary unit of lamellar bone?

Osteon

What are the two forms of compact bone?

Woven bone and lamellar bone

_____________ is the hollow cavity filled with marrow

Medullary cavity

__________ marrow is for blood cell production

Red

__________ marrow is for fat production

Yellow

What is the outer covering of spongey bone called?

Periosteum

What is the covering of the inner layer of compact bone and trabeculae called?

Endosteum

What structures interconnect osteons in bone?

Volkmann's canals

What are the concentric rings of compact bone around the canal of an osteon called?

lamellae

________ allow neighboring osteocytes to communicate and nutrients are passed from cell to cell via gap junctions

Canaliculi

The cells that are responsible for dissolving bone tissue during bone remodeling are ______________.

A) osteoblasts

B) osteocytes

C) fibroblasts

D) osteoclasts

E) chondrocytes

D) Osteoclasts

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A) epiphyseal plates are composed of hyaline cartilage

B) Bone trabeculae are located in compact bone

C) Osteons are present in compact bone

D) Osteocytes communicate with one another through canaliculi

E) Endosteum lines the medullary (marrow) cavity

B) bone trabeculae are located in compact bone

In compact bone, blood vessels and nerves travels between osteons through passageways called _____________.

A) canaliculi

B) trabeculae

C) bone recesses

D) Volkmann's canals

E) the marrow cavity

D) Volkmann's canals

In compact bone, bone tissue is organized into cylinder-shaped structures known as ___________; these structures consist of concentric lamellae of bone tissue that help resist compression forces acting on the bone.

A) spicules

B) trabeculae

C) osteons

D) bone networks

E) none of the above

C) osteons

The only bone inferior to the skull that forms via intramembranous ossification is the _______________.

A) femur

B) tibia

C) rib

D) clavicle

E) humerus

D) clavicle

All bones other than the skull bones and clavicle are formed initially by hyaline cartilage, known as what?

Endochondral ossification

What would a simple tubular exocrine gland look like?

A single duct with a long, tube-shaped secretory unit

What would a simple alveolar exocrine gland look like?

A single duct with a rounded secretory unit

What would a simple tubuloalveolar exocrine gland look like?

A single duct with both rounded and tube-shaped secretory units

What would a compound tubular exocrine gland look like?

A duct with branches of tube-shaped secretory units

What would a compound alveolar exocrine gland looks like?

A duct with branches of rounded secretory units

What would a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland look like?

A duct with branches of both tube-shaped and rounded secretory units

Which of the following is NOT part of the process of endochondral ossification of bone?

A) hyaline cartilage first deteriorates in what will become the primary ossification center

B) secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses

C) blood vessels invade the deteriorating hyaline cartilage

D) osteoblasts infiltrate cavities formed in deteriorating hyaline cartilage and begin producing bone matrix

E) hyaline cartilage will directly become bone tissue

E) hyaline cartilage will directly become bone tissue

In intramembranous ossification of bone, membrane bones are formed directly from ___________

A) mesenchyme

B) hyaline cartilage

C) osteocytes

D )osteoblasts

E) osteocytes

A) mesenchyme

Light microscopy uses _______ magnification and illuminates tissue with a _____________.

Low; beam of light

Electron microscopy uses _______ magnification and illuminates tissue using _________________.

high; beams of electrons

Scanning EM looks at what?

Surface topography

Transmission EM looks at what?

Structures w/in cells

What are the steps used to prep tissue for microscopy?

1) Specimen is preserved with a chemical fixative

2) Fixed specimen is sectioned using a microtome

3) Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures

What is the common LM stain that is blue? What does this dye bind to?

Hematoxylin; negatively charged tissues (ie: nucleic acids)

What is the common LM stain that is pink? What does this dye bind to?

Eosin; positively charged tissues (ie: proteins)

Electron microscopy stains are ________ _________ salt stains that deflect electrons in the beam to different extents

heavy metal

What are undifferentiated cells called?

Stem cells

What are the two main categories of stem cells?

1) Embryonic

2) Tissue specific stem cells

Embryonic stem cells are __________; can become any cell type of the adult

Pluripotent

Totipotent cells

can become any cell INCLUDING the placenta

What are the 3 main components of cells?

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

The cytoplasm is made up of what 2 components?

Cytosol + organells

The ICF makes up what % of total body water?

65%

The ECF makes up what % of total body water?

35%

What is the current hypothesis to describe the structure of the plasma membrane?

Fluid-Mosaic Model

_____________ are mostly attached to membrane proteins in the plasma membrane

Carbohydrates

Glycocalyx is a type of carbohydrate used for what?

Cell to cell recognition and attachment

____________ proteins are firmly embedded/attached to the lipid bilayer

Integral

____________ proteins attach to the plasma membrane surface

Peripheral

Movement of what kind of molecules are dependent on integral proteins?

Small, lipid-insoluble molecules

The movement of larger molecules across the plasma membrane must be carried out by what processes?

Endocytosis and exocytosis

In simple diffusion, what kind of molecules pass directly through the lipid bilayer of a membrane?

Lipid soluble molecules

_____________ is "cell eating"; large particles

Phagocytosis

______________ is "cell drinking"; smaller particles

Pinocytosis

What are the steps involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis?

1) substance binds to receptor molecules on membrane

2) invaginates and forms a coated pit

3) pinches off to become a coated vesicle

What are the steps involved in exocytosis?

1) substance is enclosed in a secretory vesicle

2) vesicle migrates to plasma membrane

3) v-SNARES bind to t-SNARES

4) the lipid layers from both snares bind, and the vesicle releases its contents to the outside of the cell

What are the 5 membrane-bound organelles?

Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes

What are the 3 non-membrane bound organelles?

Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, and centrioles

The Rough ER is for synthesis of proteins to be ___________ in/out of the cell and is continuous with what structure?

secreted out; nuclear envelope

The Smooth ER consists of ________ in a branching network. What are it's functions?

tubules; lipid synthesis, detoxifying enzymes, and calcium storage

The golgi apparatus receives transport vesicles from where?

ER

The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are in the _______ of mitochondria

matrix

the electron transport chain is on the _______ of the inner membrane of mitochondria

cristae

What organelle contains oxidase enzymes?

Peroxisome

What is the enzyme in peroxisomes that neutralizes hydrogen peroxide?

Catalase

_________ ribosomes are attached to the rough ER, and synthesize proteins which are _________ by the cell

fixed; secreted

___________ ribosomes are loose in cytosol and synthesize ___________ proteins

free; non-secreted

___________ consist of 27 short microtubules (9 triplets)

centrioles

What temporary structures may consist of pigments, crystals of protein, and food stores?

cytoplasmic inclusions

What structures are the highest level of organization of chromatin?

Chromosomes

What structure is the site of ribosome subunit manufacture?

Nucleolus

What is the non-cellular supporting sheet between the epithelium and the connective tissue deep to it?

basal lamina

__________ junctions close off intercellular space; interlocking proteins in membranes of 2 cells, usually near apical zone

Tight