Biology Final

What is the purpose of mitosis?

Mitosis is a process where most of the body cells divide. It is important because if the cells do not divide, then we wouldn't be able to grow
Mitosis makes IDENTICAL cells (but one could possibly mutate), for example if you got a cut on your hand, you wouldn't want gum cells to heal it, you would want skin cells

What are the parts of the CELL CYCLE?

G1 (Gap 1), Synthesis, G2 (Gap 2), and (M) Mitosis.
G1- The individual cell grows
Synthesis- When the cell replicates its own DNA.
G2- The cell grows more to prepare for mitosis
Mitosis- The cell divides

What are the four phases of mitosis?

PMAT
Prophase- Nucleus is still there, and the chromosomes are condensing (Getting thicker and more visible).
Metaphase- When the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, and the nucleus is no longer there since it has been disassembled.
Anaphase- Chromosomes (that were once lined up in the middle) split apart and start to move to opposite sides of the cell, or the poles of the cell. Chromosomes are not moving by themselves, they are moving because of spindles, which are made of fibers
Telophase- Chromosomes on the complete opposite ends start to form new nuclei two make two new cells. These cells are IDENTICAL

What parts of the cell cycle make up interphase?

G1, S (Synthesis) , and G2

DNA is copied in which part of the cell cycle?

Synthesis

What is apoptosis and how is it related to cell cycle?

Apoptosis is when the cell self-destructs
Relates to the cell cycle by making sure that that cell will not divide even more
If a harmful mutation sneaks by and the white blood cells do not see it, apoptosis will save it
Programmed cell death , which is how a cell knows when to die

The four classes of the macromolecules are...

Nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins

Relate the following terms; polymer and monomer.

Monomers are repeating subunits, which when connected (Like Legos) link up to build polymers, which are long chains molecules of monomers
One way that monomers can be made into polymers is by dehydration synthesis

What are the monomers of carbohydrates? proteins? lipids?

Simple sugars (In sketchnotes) are for carbohydrates
Amino acids for proteins (Based on the CODONs in the RNA, if there is a mistake in the RNA the protein will not be made)
Glycerol and fatty acids are for lipids

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

6CO₂+6H₂O+light⟶ (YIELD) C₆H₁₂O₆ (GLUCOSE)+6O₂
***Has to have chlorophyll****

List the reactants. List the products.

Reactants - 6 carbon dioxides, light
Products- Glucose and 6 oxygens

What types of organisms use photosynthesis?

All organisms, except for the ones that use chemosynthesis

What organelles does photosynthesis take place in?

Chloroplasts

What role do pigments play in photosynthesis?

Pigments add color, and most of the organisms that undergo photosynthesis have green because of the chlorophyll
Captures the sunlight and stores the energy in the food

Do plants perform cellular respiration?

Yes, all organisms do

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂⟶6CO₂+6H₂O+chemical energy (or ATP)

What does aerobic respiration mean?

Cellular respiration that uses oxygen
Very efficient, gives you a lot of ATP
Happens in the mitochondria

What does anaerobic respiration mean?

Cellular respiration that does not use oxygen
Very little ATP is given

What is ATP?

Adenosine triphosphate
Nucleotide that stores energy

In a pyramid that is four levels, what are the names of these trophic levels?

Primary producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer
There may be a quaternary, but unusual

What types of organisms make up the base of the pyramid? What role do these organisms play?

The producers. They recycle energy and create the energy that is shared throughout the pyramid
Organisms that are green/plants are usually producers because they go through photosynthesis, taking sun or light energy and converting it into chemical energy

What is the ultimate energy source for a pyramid?

The Sun

What percentage of energy is passed up from one trophic level to another?

10%

What is a trophic level?

Feeding positions in a food chain/web
Tells you how many there are on a level.
*Instead of saying how many organisms there are on a trophic level, you could say how much biomass is on the level.

What do energy pyramids depict (that is, what do they show)?

The amount of energy distributed between organisms in a food chain/web
The flow of energy from one trophic level to another

Explain how energy limits the number of trophic levels in a food chain or web.

Since only a certain amount out of a percentage is passed down, that means there is only 100% energy to be passed around. If there were more trophic levels, energy would go down faster resulting in less organisms in the food chain/web.
Decrease in available energy, not enough energy to continue

Imagine that an invasive species has been introduced in an ecosystem. It is a secondary consumer. How might that affect the primary consumers? the producers?

In general, invasive species harm the ecosystem and mess things up. If there is a secondary consumer that is invasive, it starts a competition between the two and decreases them. If it decreases the primary consumers, the amount of producers will go up since there are no primary consumers to consume them.
They are successful because nothing hunts them (At least so far).

What are decomposers and why do they play an essential role in an ecosystem?

Decomposers recycle the energy that is passed up through the food web/chain, since energy cannot be created

Autotroph

Producers, or organisms that make their own food

Heterotroph

Consumers, or organisms that get food by eating other organisms

Herbivores

Organisms that eat only plants, and sometimes algae and bacteria. They eat the primary producers

Carnivores

Organisms that eat meat. They eat the primary consumers

Omnivores

Organisms that eat both meat and plants

What is biodiversity?

A word used to define the life all throughout Earth

Why is it healthy for an ecosystem to have a great biodiversity?

If there is a lot of variety in the population, and a different population, and something happens that wipes out half the population, but only affects certain organisms with a certain trait, and some are mutated, then the mutated ones will survive. Without the mutations, it wouldn't survive

How can human impact affect biodiversity? Provide an example.

Things that humans do, such as overpopulate the world, destruct forests to build places, and climate change, hunting/fishing, greenhouse gasses, adding species (Like putting wolves back in Yellowstone), habitat loss, can lead to conditions changing so much for organisms that they cannot possibly live in it anymore.

What is eutrophication? What are the steps? What abiotic factors increase the risk of a eutrophication event?

Eutrophication is a process which involves algae growing on bodies of water, the Sun getting blocked from giving energy to organisms in water because of the algae, leading to the organisms dying, and the decomposers in the water are joyful because they get to eat, and this increases cellular respiration, which uses up a lot of oxygen, which causes other organisms in the water to die because the dissolved oxygen goes down.

What are abiotic factors? Example?

Non-living, never was. Some examples are the Sun, water, dirt, cement, and air.

What are biotic factors? Examples?

Living organisms. Some examples are plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.

What is the relationship/interaction between these?

Plants (Biotic factors) use sunlight and CO2 (Abiotic factors) to make food and grow.

What is population growth?

Increase in the number of individuals of a given species in a given place at a given time

What are limiting factors on population growth? Include examples.

Low food supply, not enough space/shelter, water, disease, access to mating, not having beneficial traits

Why must limiting factors exist?

To keep the population at a normal size. If limiting factors did not exist for humans, there would be way too many humans, and this would lead to more terrible problems than the ones we are already experiencing.
If there is too much, like what happened to the moose and deer in Yellowstone, if anything gets out of balance it will cause a trophic cascade.

What is the difference between exponential and logistic population growth?

Logistic- When the competition for resources causes the population increase rate to halt, the population levels off.
Exponential- While the population size increases, the growth rate also increases

What is the carrying capacity?

The number of individuals in a given species that the ecosystem can support.

Read carefully! What does "density-dependent limiting factor" mean? Include examples.

The effects depend on how dense, or big, a population is. Examples such as: COVID, lack of food, competition, mates, space.

Read carefully! What does "density-independent limiting factor" mean? Include examples.

It doesn't matter if there are 1 or 1,000 organisms, it does not matter and there will still be damage to a population. Examples such as: Tornadoes, hurricanes, tsunamis (Basically just natural disasters)

How do the abiotic and biotic factors of the ecosystem influence the number of tick populations?

If the biotic factors increase the population of hosts, then ticks will increase also.
Humidity, dogs, deer, people, mating.

What are mitigation strategies for climate change?

Using less gas/oil, recycling

How does climate change facilitate(help) the migration of invasive species?

If an area is too hot for a species, they will be forced to migrate to a new area that fits them.

Why aren't invasive species affected by the limiting factors in the area where they are invasive?

It is because they have evolved with a mutation against the limiting factor that can help them survive.