pe paper 1 (ai)

exhalation can be caused by what muscle contracting?

abdominals

inhalation can be caused by what muscle contracting

diaphragm

sternocleidomastoid

respiratory system is the

breathing and pathway of air

What is the function of the skeletal system?

The skeletal system provides:

1. Support: Gives the body its framework and shape.
2. Protection: Safeguards vital organs.
3. Movement: Provides attachment points for muscles, allowing movement at joints.
4. Blood cell production: Bone marrow produces red and white blood cells.
5. Mineral storage: Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

Name the three types of muscles in the human body.

The three types of muscles are:

1. Skeletal muscle: Voluntary muscles attached to bones, responsible for movement.
2. Smooth muscle: Involuntary muscles found in the walls of internal organs (e.g., digestive tract, blood vessels).
3. Cardiac muscle: Involuntary muscle found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood.

as breathing becomes deeper…

tidal volume and minute ventilation increases

what happens to the heart during systole?

heart contracts to pump blood out

diastole of the heart means it

relaxes and fills with blood

long term effect of exercise

improved muscular strength and endurance, increased bone density, and better cardiovascular health

name all the body systems

1. Skeletal system

2. Muscular system

3. Respiratory system

4. Cardiovascular system

What is the function of the skeletal system?

The skeletal system provides:

1. Support: Gives the body its framework and shape.
2. Protection: Safeguards vital organs.
3. Movement: Provides attachment points for muscles, allowing movement at joints.
4. Blood cell production: Bone marrow produces red and white blood cells.
5. Mineral storage: Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

Name the three types of muscles in the human body.

The three types of muscles are:

1. Skeletal muscle: Voluntary muscles attached to bones, responsible for movement.
2. Smooth muscle: Involuntary muscles found in the walls of internal organs (e.g., digestive tract, blood vessels).
3. Cardiac muscle: Involuntary muscle found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood.

What are the three main types of joints in the human body?

The three main types of joints are:

1. Fixed (Fibrous) joints: Allow no movement (e.g., skull sutures).
2. Cartilaginous joints: Allow limited movement (e.g., vertebrae).
3. Synovial joints: Allow a wide range of movement (e.g., knee, shoulder).

Name 2 synovial joints.

1. Ball and Socket: Allows movement in all directions (e.g., shoulder, hip).

2. Hinge: Allows movement in one plane (flexion/extension) (e.g., elbow, knee).

What are the two main sections of AQA GCSE PE Paper 1?

AQA GCSE PE Paper 1 covers:

1. Applied Anatomy and Physiology

2. Physical Training

Which body systems are studied under Applied Anatomy and Physiology?

The body systems studied include:

1. Skeletal system
2. Muscular system
3. Respiratory system
4. Cardiovascular system

What is the function of the skeletal system?

The skeletal system provides:

1. Support: Gives the body its framework and shape.
2. Protection: Safeguards vital organs.
3. Movement: Provides attachment points for muscles, allowing movement at joints.
4. Blood cell production: Bone marrow produces red and white blood cells.
5. Mineral storage: Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

Name the three types of muscles in the human body.

The three types of muscles are:

1. Skeletal muscle: Voluntary muscles attached to bones, responsible for movement.
2. Smooth muscle: Involuntary muscles found in the walls of internal organs (e.g., digestive tract, blood vessels).
3. Cardiac muscle: Involuntary muscle found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood.

What are the three main types of joints in the human body?

The three main types of joints are:

1. Fixed (Fibrous) joints: Allow no movement (e.g., skull sutures).
2. Cartilaginous joints: Allow limited movement (e.g., vertebrae).
3. Synovial joints: Allow a wide range of movement (e.g., knee, shoulder).

Name and briefly describe the six types of synovial joints.

The six types of synovial joints are:

1. Ball and Socket: Allows movement in all directions (e.g., shoulder, hip).
2. Hinge: Allows movement in one plane (flexion/extension) (e.g., elbow, knee).
3. Pivot: Allows rotation (e.g., neck (atlas and axis), radioulnar joint).
4. Gliding (Plane): Allows bones to slide over each other (e.g., carpals in the wrist).
5. Condyloid (Ellipsoidal): Allows movement in two planes (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction) but no rotation (e.g., wrist).
6. Saddle: Similar to condyloid but offers more flexibility (e.g., thumb).

Classify bones by shape.

Bones are classified into four main shapes:

1. Long bones: Longer than they are wide, act as levers (e.g., femur, humerus).
2. Short bones: Roughly cub-shaped, provide stability and some movement (e.g., carpals, tarsals).
3. Flat bones: Thin, flattened, and often curved, provide protection (e.g., skull, sternum).
4. Irregular bones: Complex shapes that don't fit other categories (e.g., vertebrae, facial bones).

What is a ligament?

A ligament is a strong, fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones, providing stability to joints.

What is a tendon?

A tendon is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue primarily made of collagen, which connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension.

Define 'flexion' as a joint movement.

Flexion is the bending of a limb or joint, which decreases the angle between the bones (e.g., bending the elbow).

Define 'extension' as a joint movement.

Extension is the straightening of a limb or joint, which increases the angle between the bones (e.g., straightening the elbow).

Define 'abduction' as a joint movement.

Abduction is movement of a limb away from the midline of the body (e.g., lifting the arm out to the side).

Define 'adduction' as a joint movement.

Adduction is movement of a limb towards the midline of the body (e.g., lowering the arm back to the side).

Define 'rotation' as a joint movement.

Rotation is the turning of a body part around its own axis (e.g., turning the head from side to side).

Define 'circumduction' as a joint movement.

Circumduction is the circular movement of a limb, combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (e.g., arm circles).

Define 'plantarflexion' as a joint movement.

Plantarflexion is the pointing of the foot downwards, away from the body (e.g., standing on tiptoes).

Define 'dorsiflexion' as a joint movement.

Dorsiflexion is the bending of the foot upwards, towards the shin (e.g., lifting the toes off the ground).

What is 'articulation' in anatomy?

Articulation refers to a joint, the place where two or more bones meet.

What is an 'agonist' (prime mover) in muscle action?

An agonist is the muscle primarily responsible for producing a particular movement.

What is an 'antagonist' in muscle action?

An antagonist is the muscle that opposes the action of the agonist, relaxing to allow movement and controlling the movement.

Explain 'antagonistic muscle action'.

Antagonistic muscle action occurs when muscles work in pairs: as one muscle (agonist) contracts to produce movement, the other muscle (antagonist) relaxes to allow the movement.

What is an 'isometric muscle contraction'?

An isometric muscle contraction occurs when a muscle contracts but its length does not change, and no movement occurs at the joint (e.g., holding a plank).

What is an 'isotonic muscle contraction'?

An isotonic muscle contraction occurs when a muscle contracts and changes length, producing movement at the joint. It includes concentric and eccentric contractions.

Differentiate between 'concentric' and 'eccentric' contractions.

1. Concentric: Muscle shortens as it contracts (e.g., lifting a weight in a bicep curl).
2. Eccentric: Muscle lengthens as it contracts (e.g., lowering a weight slowly in a bicep curl).

Describe 'slow twitch' (Type I) muscle fibers.

Slow twitch (Type I) muscle fibers are adapted for endurance activities. They contract slowly, produce less force, are fatigue-resistant, and use aerobic respiration.

Describe 'fast twitch' (Type IIa and IIb) muscle fibers.

Fast twitch muscle fibers are adapted for high-intensity, short-duration activities. They contract quickly, produce high force, fatigue quickly, and primarily use anaerobic respiration:

1. Type IIa (Fast oxidative glycolytic): Moderate speed, moderate fatigue resistance.
2. Type IIb (Fast glycolytic): Fastest, most powerful, very low fatigue resistance.

Name the major muscles of the arm and their actions.

1. Biceps brachii: Flexes the elbow.
2. Triceps brachii: Extends the elbow.

Name the major muscles of the leg and their actions.

1. Quadriceps (e.g., rectus femoris): Extends the knee.
2. Hamstrings (e.g., biceps femoris): Flexes the knee.
3. Gastrocnemius: Plantarflexes the ankle.
4. Tibialis anterior: Dorsiflexes the ankle.

Name the major muscles of the torso and their actions.

1. Deltoids: Abducts the shoulder.
2. Latissimus dorsi: Adducts and extends the shoulder.
3. Pectoralis major: Adducts and flexes the shoulder.
4. Abdominals (e.g., rectus abdominis): Flexes the trunk.
5. Erector spinae: Extends the trunk.

What are the main organs of the respiratory system?

The main organs of the respiratory system include the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli within the lungs.

Describe the function of the trachea.

The trachea (windpipe) is a tube that carries air from the larynx to the bronchi. It is supported by rings of cartilage to prevent collapse.

Describe the function of the bronchi.

The bronchi are two large tubes that branch off the trachea, one entering each lung, to carry air to the bronchioles.

Describe the function of the bronchioles.

Bronchioles are smaller branches of the bronchi that further divide to eventually lead to the alveoli, facilitating air distribution within the lungs.

Describe the function of the alveoli.

Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gaseous exchange occurs between the air and the blood via diffusion.

Explain the process of 'inspiration' (inhalation).

During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the external intercostal muscles contract, pulling the rib cage upwards and outwards. This increases the volume of the chest cavity, decreasing pressure, and drawing air into the lungs.

Explain the process of 'expiration' (exhalation).

During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards, and the external intercostal muscles relax, allowing the rib cage to move downwards and inwards. This decreases the volume of the chest cavity, increasing pressure, and forcing air out of the lungs.

What is 'gaseous exchange'?

Gaseous exchange is the process by which oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.

Where does gaseous exchange primarily occur?

Gaseous exchange primarily occurs across the thin walls of the alveoli and the surrounding capillaries in the lungs.

What is 'tidal volume'?

Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a single normal breath.

What is 'vital capacity'?

Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation.

What is 'minute ventilation'?

Minute ventilation is the total volume of air exhaled or inhaled per minute. It is calculated as: \text{Minute Ventilation} = \text{Tidal Volume} \times \text{Breathing Rate}.

How does exercise affect breathing rate?

During exercise, breathing rate increases significantly to meet the body's increased demand for oxygen and to remove excess carbon dioxide.

How does exercise affect tidal volume?

During exercise, tidal volume increases, meaning a greater volume of air is inhaled and exhaled with each breath.

What is the role of the diaphragm in breathing?

The diaphragm is a large, dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs. During inspiration, it contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the chest cavity.

What is the role of the intercostal muscles in breathing?

Intercostal muscles (internal and external) are located between the ribs. External intercostals contract during inspiration to lift the rib cage, while internal intercostals are active during forced expiration.

What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

The main components of the cardiovascular system are the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood.

Describe the structure and function of the heart.

The heart is a muscular organ that acts as a pump, circulating blood throughout the body. It consists of four chambers, valves, and a strong cardiac muscle wall, ensuring unidirectional blood flow.

Name the four chambers of the heart.

The four chambers of the heart are:

1. Right atrium
2. Right ventricle
3. Left atrium
4. Left ventricle

Name the major blood vessels entering and leaving the heart.

1. Vena Cava: Enters right atrium (deoxygenated blood from body).
2. Pulmonary Artery: Leaves right ventricle (deoxygenated blood to lungs).
3. Pulmonary Veins: Enter left atrium (oxygenated blood from lungs).
4. Aorta: Leaves left ventricle (oxygenated blood to body).

What is 'pulmonary circulation'?

Pulmonary circulation is the pathway that carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen, and then returns oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart.

What is 'systemic circulation'?

Systemic circulation is the pathway that carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the rest of the body, and then returns deoxygenated blood back to the right side of the heart.

Differentiate between arteries and veins.

1. Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body (except pulmonary artery); have thick, muscular, elastic walls.
2. Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (except pulmonary vein); have thinner walls and often contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.

What are capillaries and their function?

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, forming networks between arteries and veins. Their primary function is to facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.

What is 'blood pressure'?

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels. It is measured as systolic pressure (during heart contraction) over diastolic pressure (during heart relaxation).

Define 'heart rate' (HR).

Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm).

Define 'stroke volume' (SV).

Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart (specifically, the left ventricle) with each beat.

Define 'cardiac output' (CO).

Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

How is cardiac output (CO) calculated?

Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying heart rate (HR) by stroke volume (SV): \text{CO} = \text{HR} \times \text{SV}.

What are the short-term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?

Short-term effects of exercise include:

1. Increased heart rate.
2. Increased stroke volume.
3. Increased cardiac output.
4. Increased blood flow to working muscles.
5. Increased blood pressure.

What are the long-term adaptations (chronic effects) of exercise on the cardiovascular system?

Long-term adaptations include:

1. Cardiac hypertrophy (enlargement of the heart muscle, leading to stronger contractions).
2. Decreased resting heart rate.
3. Increased resting stroke volume.
4. Increased capillarisation in muscles (more capillaries, better oxygen delivery).
5. Increased elasticity of artery walls.
6. Faster recovery rates.

What is 'bradycardia'?

Bradycardia is a resting heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute, commonly observed in highly trained athletes due to an efficient cardiovascular system.

What is 'hypertrophy of the heart'?

Cardiac hypertrophy is the enlargement and strengthening of the heart muscle due to regular exercise, leading to a greater stroke volume and overall efficiency.

What is the role of red blood cells?

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) contain hemoglobin, which transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carries some carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

What is the role of white blood cells?

White blood cells (leukocytes) are part of the immune system and help fight infection and disease.

What is the role of plasma in blood?

Plasma is the liquid component of blood, transporting blood cells, nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and waste products throughout the body.

What is the role of platelets in blood?

Platelets (thrombocytes) are small cell fragments that help the blood clot at the site of an injury.

Define 'health-related fitness'.

Health-related fitness refers to components of physical fitness that are associated with the ability to perform activities of daily living and are protective against health problems.

List the 5 components of health-related fitness.

The 5 components of health-related fitness are:

1. Cardiovascular endurance
2. Muscular endurance
3. Strength
4. Flexibility
5. Body composition

Define 'cardiovascular endurance'.

Cardiovascular endurance (aerobic power) is the ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to working muscles for sustained periods of physical activity.

Define 'muscular endurance'.

Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to perform repeated contractions against a resistance for an extended period of time.

Define 'strength' in fitness.

Strength is the maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single contraction.

Define 'flexibility' in fitness.

Flexibility is the range of movement possible at a joint.

Define 'body composition'.

Body composition refers to the relative proportion of fat-free mass (muscle, bone, water) to fat mass in the body.

Define 'skill-related fitness'.

Skill-related fitness refers to components of physical fitness that are important for successful motor performance in sport and daily activities.

List the 6 components of skill-related fitness.

The 6 components of skill-related fitness are:

1. Agility
2. Balance
3. Coordination
4. Power
5. Reaction time
6. Speed

Define 'agility'.

Agility is the ability to change direction or speed quickly and efficiently while maintaining control.

Define 'balance'.

Balance is the ability to maintain equilibrium while stationary (static balance) or moving (dynamic balance).

Define 'coordination'.

Coordination is the ability to use different parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently.

Define 'power' (in fitness).

Power is the ability to combine strength with speed; the rate at which an individual can perform work. \text{Power} = \text{Force} \times \text{Velocity}.

Define 'reaction time'.

Reaction time is the time taken to respond to a stimulus.

Define 'speed' (in fitness).

Speed is the ability to move the whole body or a body part quickly.

Give an example of a sport where speed is crucial.

Speed is crucial in sports like sprinting (100m dash), football (breaking away from defenders), and basketball (fast breaks).

Give an example of a sport where agility is crucial.

Agility is crucial in sports like badminton, basketball, football, and rugby, where quick changes in direction are constantly required.

Give an example of a sport where power is crucial.

Power is crucial in sports like shot put, long jump, volleyball (spiking), and boxing (punching).

What does the acronym F.I.T.T. stand for in training principles?

F.I.T.T. stands for:

1. Frequency
2. Intensity
3. Time
4. Type

Explain 'Frequency' in the F.I.T.T. principle.

Frequency refers to how often you train. For fitness gains, training should typically occur 3-5 times per week.