Distinctive landscapes + Urban futures

where are the uplands + lowlands found

uplands→ NORTHERN England

lowlands→ SOUTH + EAST England

three rock types

METAMORPHIC→ rock changed by heat

SEDIMENTARY→ formed by the deposition of sediment on surfaces

IGNEOUS→ cooled and solidified magma

what’s weathering

the breakdown of rocks at the surface by temperatures and rain

Types of mass movement

MUDFLOW→ soil flows down a slope

LANDSLIDE→ movement of rock, soil or debris down a slope

4 types of erosion

attrition→ rocks are carried by water, smashing one another making smaller pieces

abrasion→ water throws pebbles at riverbanks, wearing them away

hydraulic action→ rocks smashing riverbanks, breaking them

solution→ minerals in the rock are dissolved

process of longshore drift

1. waves approach coast at an angle because of prevailing winds

2. swash carries towards beach at an angle

3. backwash flows back into the sea, repeating in a zigzag movement

what’s a headland

narrow bit of land projecting from a coastline into the sea

what’s hard engineering

building artificial structures to control natural processes

Examples of HARD engineering + pros/cons

SEA WALLS→ very effective but expensive ($2000 per metre)

ROCK ARMOUR→ cheaper than sea wall but very different look to natural geology

GABIONS→ absorb wave energy well but look very unnatural

what’s soft engineering

not building artificial structures and using a more natural approach to manage the coast

Examples of SOFT engineering + pros/cons

BEACH NOURESHING→ blends well with existing beach but needs frequently replacing

REPROFILLING (lower sediment moved to upper beach)→ cheap and simple but only works with low energy waves

how waterfalls form

1. soft rock erodes over hard rock making a STEP

2. hard rock continues being eroded making an OVERHANG

3. soft rock is eroded by abrasion and forms a PLUNGE POOL

4. OVERHANG gets BIGGER and bigger until it COLLAPSES

5. process REPEATS and moves waterfall more UPSTREAM

what’s a megacity + global city

MEGA→ cities with over 10 million population (NY)

GLOBAL→ globally important city (London)

Causes of urban growth

NATURAL INCREASE→ more births than deaths

MIGRATION→ movement of people in or out of places

Examples of push + pull factors

PUSH→ low wages, high unemployment, poor education

PULL→ more jobs, higher wages, better education

Impacts of RURAL»»URBAN migration

RURAL AREA URBAN AREA

POSITIVE→ Less to feed, more land per person POSITIVE→ More skills, more economic growth

NEGATIVES→ Split up families, loss of young people NEGATIVE→ Pressure on housing, tension between old and young people

What’s sub-urbanisation + counter urbanisation

SUB→ suburbs on edge of settlements grow as more housing is needed to accommodate for people

COUNTER→ movement from urban to rural areas