Bio 350 Exam 1

Methods of Clinical Examination

I. inspection P. palpation P. percussion A. auscultation

_______ is the method of studying anatomy.

dissection

Exploratory Surgery

opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what could be done about it

Type of anatomy that helps you better understand structural relationships and evolutionary trends

comparative anatomy

Type of anatomy used due to human experimentation limitations

comparative physiology

Who was Andreas Vesalius?

contributed to the study of human anatomy

Who was William Harvey?

an important early scientist in the study of blood circulation

Who was Robert Hooke?

associated with the study of cells

Who was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek?

advanced microscopic observations to examine fabric

Who were Schleiden and Schwann?

associated with the development of cell theory

Cell Theory

1. All organisms are composeD of cells

2. Cells are the simplest structural and functional units of life

3. Cells come only from preexisting cells

4. All organisms structure/functions are due to activities of cells

Inductive Method

making many observations, finding patterns, then making generalizations

Hypothetico-deductive Method

starts with a general hypothesis then making specific predictions/observations to see if it holds

The presence of treatment and control groups help determine if the results happened because of _______

chance

Law

observation that has been repeatedly confirmed

Fact

describes consistent pattern in nature

Theory

well-supported explanation for why something happened. embodies greatest amount of scientific information

Evolution

change in genetic composition of population over generations

Natural Selection

individuals with traits better suited to to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

Adaptations

the inherited traits that become more common in population over generations to ensure survival

Food being scarce in an environment is an example of __________. The organisms that have traits to find food will survive explains ___________

selection pressures; natural selection

All species are related through _________. Scientists can therefore use certain animals as _______ _______ to study anatomy, physiology, diseases, and treatments

evolution; model animals

Stereoscopic Vision

human adaptation that allowed using information from both eyes to perceive depth

Prehensile Hands

human adaptation that allowed ability to grasp/hold

Opposable Thumbs

human adaptation that helps with grasping

Shoulder Mobility

human adaptation that caused a greater rang of motion

Color Vision

human adaptation that allowed to distinguish things in environment by color

Bipedal Locomotion

human adaptation that allowed to movement on two legs

What environment/ecological condition do you think could have favored prehensile hands and opposable thumbs?

arboreal environments (trees)

Natural selection is a process that causes ________

evolution

Evolutionary Medicine

understanding why certain diseases/health problems exists by looking at our evolutionary history

Human Structure Order

organisms » organ systems » organs » tissues » cells » organelles » molecules » atoms

Reductionism

studying smaller parts to understand the whole

Holism

studying the whole and understanding how they interact

Organization

living things have organized structure

Cellular Composition

living things are made of cells

Metabolism

living things have chemical processes that sustain life

Responsiveness

living things respond to changes in stimuli

Homeostasis

living things maintains stable internal conditions

Development

living things mature

Reproduction

living things produce cells and other organisms

_________ is one of the many characteristics of life where a population changes genetically over time

evolution

Clinical Death

vital functions have stopped (heart/breathing)

Biological Death

cells are irreversibly dead

Negative Feedback

reverses change in body (ex: sweating due to high temperature)

Positive Feedback

self-amplifying cycle, moving body further from stability (ex: contractions due to the production of oxytocin during childbirth)

Gradients help drive the movement of ________ and ________ throughout the body

matter; energy

What are the anatomical planes?

• sagittal: splits body into right and left halves

  • (midsagittal: equal right and left halves)

• frontal/coronal: splits body into anterior and posterior halves

• transverse: splits body upper and lower halves

Anterior

front

Posterior

back

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Medial

toward midline

Lateral

side

Proximal

closer to point of attachment

Distal

further from point of attachment

the elbow _______ to the wrist

proximal

the wrist is _________ to the elbow

distal

Cephalic

toward head

Caudal

toward tail/lower end

Superficial

closer to surface

Deep

further inside body

Ventral

toward front

Dorsal

toward back

What region consists of main trunk/center of body?

axial

What region consists of appendages attached to trunk?

appendicular

The axial regions are ______, ________, and _____

head, trunk, and neck

What are the abdominal quadrants?

.

What are the abdominal regions

.

What is the arm, anatomically?

shoulder to elbow

What is the leg, anatomically?

knee to ankle

What are the body’s cavities?

cranial, thoracic, vertebral canal, and abdominopelvic

What is the mediastinum? What does it contain?

space between the lungs, containing the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and thymus

Parietal Layers

outer, cavity wall layer

Visceral Layer

inner, “direct organ” layer

What is in the space between the pericardial layers?

pericardium fluid

What is in the space between the pleural layers?

pleural fluid

Peritoneum

membrane lining abdominopelvic cavity, covering many of its organs

Intraperitoneal

within the peritoneal cavity

Retroperitoneal

behind the peritoneum

Mesentery

fold of peritoneum that helps connect/support abdominal organs

Models of Atomic Structure

simplest form of matter that has unique properties

element

The six elements abundant in the body?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus (OCHN CaP)

_______ _________ determine an atoms chemical bonding properties

valence electrons

Radioisotope

unstable isotope that decays and gives off radiation

A _____ loses electrons. A _____ gains electrons.

cation; anion

Electrolyte

substance that ionizes in water and allows solution to conduct electricity

What are electrolytes important for?

nerve signals, muscle contractions, and osmotic fluid balance.

What are the most common ions that constitute electrolytes

sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), bicarbonate (HCO^3-), phosphate (HPO₄^2-), chloride (Cl^-)

_______ _______ are unstable, highly reactive particles with an unusual number of electrons

free radicals

What neutralizes free radicals

antioxidants

Hydrogen Bonds

weak attraction between a slightly positive H atom and slightly negative N or O atom

attraction that is weakest of all bonds. these weak bonds are due to random disturbances in electron clouds

Van der Waals

water makes up ___ to ___ % of body weight

50-75%

What gives water its properties

its polarity

________ are physically compounded, keeping their individual properties, while __________ are chemically combined, forming a new substance

mixtures; compounds

What is the biggest difference in solutions, colloids, and suspensions?

the size of the particle

A mixture of protein and water is an example of a ________?

colloid

Blood cells in plasma is an example of a ___________?

suspension