DNA mutations

what is a dna mutation

alteration in DNA code

sources of dna mutation

spontaneous: free radicals released during metabolism proof reading mistakes, induced sources: chemical-pollutants, toxic agents, additives and physical- radiation (UV, x-ray, gamma)

Somatic Cells Target

somatic cell mutations occur rarely, localized mutations, usually low impact but may lead to tumor/cancer.

Gametic cells target

sperm/egg cells, if it damages gametic used in fertilization all cells in embryo (offspring) are them mutated, higher impact

types of mutations

beneficial, silent/neutral, detrimental

silent mutation

does not change amino acid, no effect

missense mutation

point mutation- single substitution f an amino acid ex sickle cell anemia

nonsense mutation

converts amino acid into a STOP codon, could result in no protein being made

deletion mutation

frameshift mutation by the removal of one or more bases

insertion mutation

frameshift mutation by adding one or bases

Recombinant DNA technology

genetic modification

enzymes needed in recombinant dna technology

DNA ligase “glue”, DNA polymerase “copier”, Restriction Enzyme “scissors”

transgenic organism/gmo

transferring genes from one species to another eg. bacteria inserted him human insulin gene for insulin production

Steps of transgenics

reverse transcription, a copy of dna (cDNA) using mRNA , DNA polymerase converts cDNA into double stranded DNA, restriction enzymes cut DNA open at specific sites creating sticky ends, same enzyme is used on the species receiving gene so that the gene can be inserted. ligase glues gene into gmo species.