UAB Psychology 101: Final Exam Study Material by Dobias

A subjective mental state that is usually accompanied by distinctive behaviors as well as involuntary physiological arousal is called

emotion

In which situation is the sympathetic nervous system most likely to be active?

After finishing a 5K race, you find a shady spot under a tree to recover and relax.

A neighbor knocks on the door and offers you some cupcakes he baked this morning.

You read a story in the newspaper about a woman raising thousands of dollars to help the homeless.

You are driving down the street when another vehicle comes out of nowhere and pulls out in front of you.

You are driving down the street when another vehicle comes out of nowhere and pulls out in front of you.

One problem with the use of the polygraph to detect lying is that the test

cannot differentiate between stress-based physiological arousal and lying.

The almond-shaped brain region that is key in producing and recognizing fear is called the

amygdala.

The response activated by the sympathetic nervous system is sometimes called

fight or flight.

Which chain of events in emotional responses characterizes the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Stimulus → perception/interpretation → emotion → physiological changes

Stimulus → perception/interpretation → physiological changes → emotion

Physiological changes → stimulus → emotion

Stimulus → perception/interpretation → simultaneous emotion and physiological changes

Stimulus → perception/interpretation → physiological changes → emotion

Which emotion is recognized through facial expression by people in virtually every culture?

happiness

Which hypothesis is consistent with Schachter and Singer's study of physiological arousal and emotional experience?

Activation of the central nervous system facilitates emotional experience.

Activation of the somatic nervous system dampens emotional experience.

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system affects emotional experience.

Deactivation of the frontal lobe along with visual overstimulation enhances emotional experience.

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system affects emotional experience.

Which of the following best supports the two-factor theory of emotion?After exercising strenuously for thirty minutes, you decide your gym partner looks really good this morning.

You're sweating and your heart is racing as you begin a final exam, so you know you're nervous.

The fear you feel when you're riding a roller coaster begins at about the same time your heart starts pounding.

A loud bang outside your window causes you to jump and become frightened.

After exercising strenuously for thirty minutes, you decide your gym partner looks really good this morning.

Which research finding, if correct, would cast doubt on the facial feedback hypothesis?

Subjects with facial paralysis are unable to respond emotionally to stimuli meant to arouse emotions.

Teenagers respond emotionally to stimuli just as strongly as 25-year-olds respond.

Deaf subjects respond emotionally to stimuli meant to arouse emotions.

Subjects with facial paralysis respond emotionally to stimuli just as strongly as subjects without facial paralysis.

Subjects with facial paralysis respond emotionally to stimuli just as strongly as subjects without facial paralysis.

What must we rely on ____________ to study emotions

physical behavior

What are some physical response that occur because of emotion

breathing, heart rate, sweating

What nervous system is activated with emotions

autonomic nervous system

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

1. sympathetic

2. parasympathetic

What are the 3 theories of emotion?

1. James- Lange theory

2. Cannon-Bard

3. 2 Factor/ Schacter-Singer

What is the order of events in the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions

stimulus--> perceive danger --> non-specific physiological response and an emotion response

What is the theory behind the 2-Factor/ Schacter-Singer emotion theory

your emotional response is determined by ur brain interpreting the general autonomic response based off the context it occurs in

What are the 4 groups of opposing emotions

happy/ sad

affectionate/ disgust

fear/ anger

surprise/ expectation

What is the idea behind the 8 emotion types

There are 8 core emotions and all others are a different intensity level of one of those 8

T/F Someone who is blind will still make facial expressions

true

Facial Feedback is

the idea that the expression on your face will influence your emotions

What did the history of personality focus on

1. personality types

2. personality traits

Personality is:

a collection of characteristics that defines how a person behaves in different situations

After observing baby Yvonne's responses to novel stimuli, a psychologist described her as being low reactive. Based on that characterization, if Yvonne takes a five-factor personality test when she is 20 years old, she will most likely rate

high on the extraversion scale.

Ami wants to buy a new Jeep but has not saved enough money. Her id would say:

"Get it on credit, you deserve it!"

Assertiveness, talkativeness, enthusiasm, and excitement-seeking are most closely related to

extraversion.

A worker with an _______ locus of control is likely to attribute failure at a given task to _______.

external; bad luck

Babies that are _______ reactive are likely to become _______ adults.

high; reserved

Barry's tendency to _______ challenges at work best reflects a low degree of self-efficacy

decline challenging projects that his supervisor offers to him at work

During a recent exam, Josh copied an answer from a neighbor. When he admitted this to a friend, Josh added, "Everyone does that once in a while. I'm just leveling the playing field." Based on Freud's ideas, which of the following defense mechanisms was Josh employing?

Rationalization

Individuals who rate highly on measures of introversion are typically characterized by

a preference for solitude.

Jim has eaten dinner at the same restaurant every Friday night for the past decade. He has a practical, conservative haircut and enjoys having a predictable weekday routine. Jim is likely

low in openness.

Psychoanalysis emphasizes which of the following techniques for studying individuals?

Discussing personal feelings

The development of modern personality theory has involved a shift in focus from _______ to _______.

types; traits

The Rorschach test is unreliable because

therapists score the same answers differently

The thematic apperception test (TAT) requires people to

tell stories about the thoughts and feelings of people in pictures.

What type of behavior would you expect from a woman with a strong superego and a weak id?

Compliance with rules and a tendency to feel guilt and shame

Your roommate tends to take credit for getting A's on tests and papers and also accepts responsibility for her low grades. This behavior pattern is an example of

internal locus of control.

What two parts of personality has the history of personality research focused on

1. personality types

2. personality traits

What did the Greek Physician Galen believe caused personality

even balance of 4 substances where an excess of one substance would lead to various behaviors/ moods

How long did the 4 humors theory last?

until the 1800s

What were the 4 humors

yellow bile, black bile, blood, mucus

What are personality types

discrete categories of people based on personality characteristics

What is psychoanalysis and who created it

Sigmund Freud

detailed analysis of mind through open0ended discussions of thoughts and feelings.

What is the unconcious mind?

Thought and feeling we are not consciously aware of

What exists in our preconscious mind

memories

stored knowledge

What did Sigmund Freud believe guided the mind

3 parts:

-Id

-Superego

-Ego

What is the id?

drives present at birth

needs, wants, desires and impulses

a persons "true psychic reality"

What is the superego?

internalization of cultural rules

regulates behaviors and thoughts

What is the ego?

what we develop through contact with external world that allows us to deal with life's demands

Defense mechanisms protect ego from realizing and acting upon bad parts of Id

What are some of Freud's defense mechanisms

-rationalization

-repression

-projection

-displacement

-sublimation

-denial

What is free association?

method of exploring unconscious mind where a person responds to a list of words with whatever comes to mind first

How did Freud believe we could uncover the unconscious mind

Free association

What is the purpose of projective tests

To uncover or project the unconscious.

What are the 2 types of projective tests

1. Rorschach Test

2. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

What is the Thematic Apperception Test?

client tells a story about a photo and their unconscious mind is established based off that

What are the problems with projective tests

Low reliability and validity, experimenter bias

What is humanistic psychology?

emphasis on free will and ability to actively shape our own behabior instead of focusing on the unconscious mind

What was Carl Rogers opinion on therapy

therapist should give unconditional positive regard for client and provide a comfortable nonjudgmental environment

How do psychologist chose to now study psychology

based off personality traits

why are using personality traits better then personality types

traits are measurable and quantifiable

Who came up with extrovert vs introvert

Carl Jung

What is Hans Eysenck idea of extrovertist and introverts

rely on brain activity and the need for optimal level of arousal

What is Hans Eysenck's dimensions of personality

1. introverted/ extroverted

2. unstable/ stable

Raymond Cattell and traits revealed via language (1905-1998)

asked people to describe personality utilizing 170 terms

used factor analysis to see how the words grouped

16 dif underlying traits/ factors IDed

What is the 5 factor model?

big 5 personality traits

O-openness

C- conscientiousness

E-extraversion

A- agreeableness

N- neuroticism

T/F traits become more variable over time

true

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

over 500 descriptive statments where people answer T/F/ can not answer

common method used for personality today

How much of the big 5 personality traits is heritable

50%

What is temperment?

persons emotional makeup

way a person typically responds to new situations

stable through life

High reactive infants are

negative reaction to new stimuli

longer to recover

Low reactive infants

little or no reaction to new stimuli

What is disposition?

a person's inherent qualities of mind and character

What did Walter Mischel feel regarding situation vs person

situation is more predictive than personality

What is a strong situation

a situation that tend to push you to mask expression of personality

What is a weak situation?

situations that allow you to feel free to display your personality

What are the 3 approaches to how personality develops

1. behavioral approaches

2. cognitive approaches

3. cultural influences

What is working self-concept

persons knowledge of their behaviors, traits and other personal characteristics

How is self-concept organized

1. specific episodes

2. specific traits

what are specific episodes

specific things you've done

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

measures global self-esteem

self-serving bias

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors

What is reciprical determinism?

3 factors mutually influence behavior

1. personal factors

2. environmental factors

3. individual behavior

T/F people from more traditional cultures score lower on openness that more modern cultures

true

A boss tells employees he will be cutting salaries by 20 percent. When employees protest, he says he will cut salaries by only 5 percent. This is an example of the _______ technique and employees are likely to _______ the 5 percent salary cut.

door-in-the-face; accept

A teacher assigns his class a group project but wants to minimize social loafing. Which of the following strategies might he employ?

Highlight each student's individual contribution to the project.

What is social Loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

_______ is a paradox in decision analysis in which two individuals acting in their own best interest pursue a course of action that does not result in the ideal outcome.

prisoners' dilemma

Kelly's friends have been waiting for her for more than thirty minutes. One says, "She's so absent-minded, she probably forgot we were going out." Another says, "She probably just got caught in traffic." These friends are

making attributions.

Prejudice is a(n) _______, whereas discrimination is a(n) _______.

attitude; behavior

The key finding of research on obedience to authority is that

it is surprisingly easy to get perfectly ordinary people to harm others.

The most accurate explanation for the failure of neighbors to help Kitty Genovese is that

they assumed someone else would intervene.

The Stanford Prison Experiment revealed that

ordinary college students will quickly become cruel to innocent people.

The _______ technique suggests that we start with a small request before making a bigger one.

foot-in-the-door

The way we affect the behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes of others and are, in turn, affected by them is the study of

social psychology.

What can be concluded from Solomon Asch's series of experiments in which participants were asked to judge the lengths of lines?

Most people will go to great lengths to fit in with others.

When we experience a disagreeable state of tension between two or more conflicting beliefs, we are experiencing

cognitive dissonance.

Which statement best summarizes an important finding of Stanley Milgram's experiment?

People will readily obey an authority figure, even when it injures others.

While you are having dinner at a restaurant, you hear another diner speak harshly to his server. Which of these illustrates the fundamental attribution error?

The diner is a mean, rude person.

You get an A on an algebra exam and attribute it to your strong math skills. Later in the semester you get a D on an exam in the same class. This time you attribute it to your instructor not having explained the concept well enough. This is an example of

the self-serving bias.