NCLEX Pharmacology: Generic Drug (prefixes, roots, & suffixes)

-afil

phospho- diesterase (PDE) inhibitor

-asone, -olone, cort, -onide, pred; pred-

Corticosteroid

-Decreases inflammation and normal immune response

**dont stop suddenly, avoid grapefruit juice and limit caffeine, give with food in the AM to decrease gastric upset

-bicin

antineoplastic; cytotoxic agent

-Tx cancer

-bital

barbiturate (sedative)

- used to treat or prevent seizures. It is also used short-term to treat insomnia, or as a sedative before surgery.

-cycline

tetracycline antibiotic

ex: demeclocycline, doxycycline, minocycline,tetracycline

-dazole

anthelmintic; antibiotic; antibacterial

Anthelmintic

A drug or chemical agent used to kill or remove internal parasites

-dipine

Calcium Channel Blocker

Therapeutic Use: Angina, HTN

ex:(nifedipine, amlodipine)

Calcium Channel Blockers

agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and a relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation;

used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension

-dronate

bisphosphonate; bone resorption inhibitor

Helps with Bone loss

proton pump inhibitor (PPI)

inhibits gastric acid secreting into the stomach

-fenac

NSAID

-floxacin

quinolone antibiotic

Quinolone antibiotics

Attack topoisomerase

--Enzymes that make or manage bacterial DNA, RNA and proteins are common targets for antibiotics

DPP-4 enzyme

metabolizes incretin hormone

Incretins

a group of hormones produced by the gastrointestinal system that stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas and help preserve the beta cells

-glitazone

antidiabetic; thiazolidine- dione

-iramine

antihistamine

Antihistamines

inhibit histamines that cause allergic reactions of inflammation, redness, and itching

-lamide

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Treat glaucoma

Decreases aqueous humor production

Diuresis

Diamox is an example

-mustine

alkylating agent (antineoplastic)

Alkylating agents

synthetic chemicals containing alkyl groups that attack DNA, causing strand breaks

-mycin, -micin

antibiotic; antibacterial

-nacin

muscarinic antagonist (anticholinergic)

-nazole

antifungal

Beta Blockers

decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta receptors

anabolic steroids

A synthetic variant of the male hormone testosterone that mimics some of its effects.

-eprazole, -oprazole

proton pump inhibitor (PPI)

-Decreases stomach acid production

**Give on empty stomach, avoid EtoH, ASA, NSAIDS

parin; -parin

antithrombotic; anticoagulant (blood thinner)

-phylline

xanthine derivative (bronchodilator)

Bronchodilator

causes widening of the bronchi, e.g., any of those taken by inhalation for the alleviation of asthma.

-pramine

tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)

ACE inhibitor (angiotensin-converting enzyme)

prevents angiotensin 1 from turning into angiotensin 2 so...blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract resulting in hypertension

-ridone

atypical antipsychotic

Angiotensin II receptor antagonists

Block angiotensin II receptors which limit vasoconstriction, stimulation of vascular system. Minimal effects on PT tx.

Examples: Cozaar, Atacand, Diovan

-semide

Loop diuretic (water pill)

-diuretic

**diet increase K+; daily weight; take with or after meal in the AM; no smoking and alcohol

antiemetic

drug that prevents or stops vomiting

sulfa-

antibiotic; anti-infective; anti-inflammatory

-tadine

antihistamine; antiviral; anti-influenza-A

common: (Gastrointestinal) Xerostomia (Neurologic) Headache, Somnolence Fatigue

-terol

beta agonist; bronchodilator

-tinib

antineoplastic (kinase inhibitor)

antineoplastic

medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells

-trel

female hormone (progestin)

Progestins

promote uterine lining growth

tretin-; tretin; -tretin

retinoid; dermatologic agent; form of vitamin A

-triptan

antimigraine; selective 5-HT receptor agonist

antimigraine

causes vasoconstriction in large intracranial arteries

Used to tx Migraine headaches

-tyline

tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)

vir; -vir

antiviral; (anti-HIV, anti-hepatitis, anti-herpes, anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV), anti-flu)

-vudine

antiviral; nucleoside analogues

-zepam

benzodiazepine

-zodone

antidepressant

-zolam

benzodiazepine

-amil

-pine, -dipine

calcium channel blockers (BP/HTN)

relax blood vessels and increase the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart: reducing the heart's workload "Vermapil"

Benztropine: Treats extrapyramidal symptoms

antidote: Ca Chloride, glucagon

Calcium chanel blockers reduce the hearts excitability

"-dipine": affect blood vessels but does not affect the heart

Amlodipine, Nicardipine, Nifedipine, Nimodipine, Felodipine

Diltiazem and Verapamil- affects heart and vessels

Indications

Hypertension

Angina

How they work-

Background

Calcium Channels are found in SA node, AV node, cardiac cells

Calcium Channels open and calcium moves into the cells

Calcium then causes the contraction and impulse in the heart

CCB's block calcium channels preventing calcium from entering cells.

Prevents contraction and stops SA and AV node from producing impulse

Decreases conduction and force of contraction in heart

Causes vasodilation

Decreases blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance

Decreases workload on the heart

This decreases O2 needs for the heart, decreasing angina

Patient Education

Patients should avoid drinking grape fruit juice with calcium channel blockers because it interacts with the medications effectiveness.

Educate patients on potential for hypotension and dizziness to prevent falls and injury.

-caine

local anesthetic

a medication that causes reversible absence of pain sensation to a restricted area of the body

-dine

anti-ulcer agents (H2 histamine blockers)

- stomach ulcers

re a class of medications that block the action of histamine at the histamine H₂ receptors of the parietal cells in the stomach. This decreases the production of stomach acid.

Antacids work by neutralizing stomach acid, while Histamine 2 blockers and Proton pump inhibitors work by cutting down on the production of acid in the stomach

Histamine 1= allergic reaction

-done

opioid analgesics

used to treat moderate to severe pain that may not respond well to other pain medications. bind to opioid receptors in the brain, spinal cord, and other areas of the body. They tell your brain you're not in pain "morphine"

Nursing Considerations

Respiratory depressant

Antidote: Naloxone

-ide

oral hypoglycemic

used only in the treatment of type 2 diabetes which is a disorder involving resistance to secreted insulin. Anti-diabetic medication. Drugs used in diabetes treat diabetes mellitus by lowering the glucose level in the blood

-lam

anti-anxiety agents

used in the management of various forms of anxiety, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

-oxacin

broad spectrum antibiotics

are effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

-micin

antibiotic; antibacterial

-mide, -tone

diuretics

promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine. This includes forced diuresis. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase the excretion of water from bodies

Furosemide: Potassium wasting

Monitor Potassium Levels (decrease K+)

Spironolactone: Potassium sparing

Monitor Potassium Levels (increase K+)

-mycin

antibiotics

-nuim

neuromuscular blockers

facilitate endotracheal intubation and to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery.

-olol

beta blocker

prevent the stimulation of the adrenergic receptors responsible for increased cardiac action. Beta blockers are used to control heart rhythm, treat angina, and reduce high blood pressure.

blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline. When you take beta blockers, your heart beats more slowly and with less force, thereby reducing blood pressure

Nursing Considerations

Propranolol: Do not stop abruptly

Masks signs of hypoglycemia

antidote: glucagon, epinephrine

S/S: Bradycardia

o Decrease Blood Pressure

o Bronchoconstriction

o Blood sugar abnormalities

Beta-adrenoceptors lower the heart rate; diuretics lower volume of blood.

Beta Blocker (propranolol, metoprolol)

Therapeutic Use: HTN, Angina, Tachydysrhythmia, HF, MI

-pam

anti-anxiety agents

-pril

ACE Inhibitor (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme)

ACE Inhibitor (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme)

prevent an enzyme in your body from producing angiotensin II, a substance in your body that narrows your blood vessels and releases hormones that can raise your blood pressure.

ACE inhibitors control the sodium and water levels and prevent vasoconstriction

-sone

steroids

are synthetic drugs that closely resemble cortisol, a hormone that your body produces naturally. Steroids work by decreasing inflammation and reducing the activity of the immune system. They are used to treat a variety of inflammatory diseases and conditions

-statin

antihyperlipidemics

help lower cholesterol levels in the blood. lower ldl levels. By lowering the levels, they help prevent heart attacks and stroke.

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; statins

-lowers cholesterol

**take as directed, no more than 1 qt of grapefruit juice a day; take with food and at bedtime; consume 2-3L of fluid daily; increase fiber; dont give to pts with lover disease

-vir

antivirals

used specifically for treating viral infections rather than bacterial ones.

antiviral; anti-herpes; anti-CMV; anti-flu

-zide

diuretics

-cillin

penicillin antibiotic

Penicillin carries a risk of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity. A client may have fever, rash or pruritus. Penicillin also decreases WBC, platelets, and red blood cells as well. GI effects, including diarrhea, sore mouth and 'furry tongue' are also common adverse effects of penicillins.

penicillin antibiotic

-anti infective

**yeast infections may occur; observe for anaphylaxis

-ole

Antifungal or PPI

-conazole

anti-fungals

-dralazine

Antihypertensive

used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction.

-flurane

inhalation anesthetics

administered through a face mask, laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube connected to an anaesthetic vaporiser and an anaesthetic delivery system

induce anesthesia - in other words, to result in a temporary loss of sensation or awareness.

-lukast

leukotriene receptor antagonist

management of asthma, used both for treatment and prevention of acute asthmatic attacks. This class of drugs acts by binding to cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) receptors and blocking their activation and the subsequent inflammatory cascade which cause the symptoms commonly associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis.

-mantadine

antivirals

-olone

steroid

anabolic steroid

-parin

heparin derivatives

-peridol

Antipsychotics

ex: haloperidol

-poetin

Erythropoietins

promotes the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow

-sartan

Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist

ARB

help relax your blood vessels, which lowers your blood pressure and makes it easier for your heart to pump blood.

Angiotensin is a chemical in your body that affects your cardiovascular system in various ways, including narrowing your blood vessels. This narrowing can increase your blood pressure and force your heart to work harder.

Angiotensin II receptor blockers block the action of angiotensin II, allowing blood vessels to widen (dilate).

-sulfa

antibiotic; anti-infective; anti-inflammatory

-thiazide

thiazide diuretic

a drug that increases urine flow). They act directly on the kidneys and promote diuresis (urine flow) by inhibiting the sodium/chloride cotransporter located in the distal convoluted tubule of a nephron (the functional unit of a kidney).

thiazide diuretic (water pill)

-vastatin

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. Statins inhibit an enzyme called HMG-CoA reductase, which controls cholesterol production in the liver. The medicine blocks the enzyme, thereby slowing down the cholesterol production process.

-zosin

alpha blocker

relax certain muscles and help small blood vessels remain open. They work by keeping the hormone norepinephrine (noradrenaline) from tightening the muscles in the walls of smaller arteries and veins, which causes the vessels to remain open and relaxed. This improves blood flow and lowers blood pressure

alpha blocker (vasodilates)

-tx HTN; BPH

**interacts with other hypertensives

-setron

serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist; antiemetic and antinauseant

effective against vomiting and nausea. Antiemetics are typically used to treat motion sickness and the side effects of opioid analgesics, general anaesthetics, and chemotherapy directed against cancer

-profen

NSAIDS (anti-inflammatory)

block the COX enzymes and reduce prostaglandins throughout the body. As a consequence, ongoing inflammation, pain, and fever are reduced

Nursing Considerations

Contraindicated with GI ulcers

pred; pred-

Corticosteroid

used to provide relief for inflamed areas of the body. They lessen swelling, redness, itching, and allergic reactions

, while useful in the management of inflammation, can cause harmful side effects when used long term. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose levels, causing hyperglycemia. They may also cause such effects as facial edema, bruising, weight gain, osteoporosis and high blood pressure.

Common deficiencies include potassium, calcium, and sodium, electrolytes whose excretion is altered by the kidneys in long term use of corticosteroids.

are medications used for the management of various conditions as prescribed by the physician, including reducing inflammation in the patient with lupus. If the patient taking corticosteroids is undergoing surgery, the nurse must keep in mind potential complications. Corticosteroids reduce the body's ability to withstand stress due to adrenal atrophy. They also affect blood glucose levels and reduce the body's immune response to infection.

They mimic the effects of the hormone cortisol in the body and decreas in prostaglandin levels, which are responsible for inflammation. They may be taken as oral tablets, used as topical treatments, or injected for relief of arthritis symptoms

-mab

monoclonal antibody

- antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells; useful in immunotherapy

cancer treatments that enlist natural immune system functions to fight cancer.

-gliptin

Anti-Diabetic

used in diabetes treat diabetes mellitus by lowering the glucose level in the blood.

antidiabetic; inhibitor of the DPP-4 enzyme

-eprazole

proton pump inhibitor (PPI)

pronounced and long-lasting reduction of stomach acid production.

Antacids work by neutralizing stomach acid, while Histamine 2 blockers and Proton pump inhibitors work by cutting down on the production of acid in the stomach

-azole

Antifungals

"Butoconazole, Econazole,

Fluconazole"

S/S

Nausea, dark urine, clay-colored stools,

flu-like symptoms, red skin rash

-ciclovir, -vir

Antivirals

"Famciclovir, Ganciclovir,

Acyclovir

Abacavir, Zanamivir"

s/s

NVD (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), muscle

aches, vision changes, headache, weakness

-Navir

-Vudine

HIV/AIDS, Antivirals

Amprenavir, Indinavir, Nelfinavir, Ritonavir

Lamivudine, Stavudine,

Zidovudine

NVD, anorexia, fatigue, anxiety,

nephro-/hepatotoxicity

cef-, ceph-

Cephalosporins (antibiotics)

"Cefadroxil, Cefaclor, Cefixime,

Cefibuten

Cephalexin, Cephapirin,

Cephradine"

cephalosporin antibiotic

-anti infective

**report allergies to penicillin and observe for anaphylaxis

S/S:

Stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting,

diarrhea, thrush, rash

-Cillin

Penicillins

"Ampicillin, Penicillin, Nafcillin"

s/s:

Hypersensitivity, NVD, abdominal pain,

C. difficile

-Dazole

Nitroimidazole antimicrobial

"Metronidazole"

s/s

Candida, weakness, headache, neurotoxicity

-Floxacin

Fluoroquinolones (antibiotics)

"Ciprofloxacin, Gatifloxacin,

Levofloxacin"

S/S

NV, GI upset, dizziness, insomnia,

headache