10SOS - China , nazi germany, Weathering the storm, Human Rights

who was puyi

last emperor of china

how old was puyi when he took the throne

2 years old

when did the qing dynasty end

1911

who was sun yatsen

leader of the chinese nationalist party (guomindang)

what did sun yatsen/the nationalists promote

nationalism, democracy, and better quality of life

who was the first president of the republic of china

sun yatsen

who was chiang kai shek?

he took over the guomindang and the republic of china after sun yatsens death.

what happened to chiang kai shek after losing to the communists?

he retreated to taiwan and ruled there

who was mao zedong

leader of the cpp and found of the peoples republic of china

who was deng xiaoping

leader of ccp and china after maos death. he focused on economic reforms and greatly improved chinas economy

what does SEZ stand for

special economic zones

what is SEZ

areas in a country where special economic rules apply to attract foreign investment and business

What were the four modernisations

agriculture, industrial, science, and technology

when was the first opium war

1839 - 1842

what was the cause of the first opium war

britain sold opium to china, leading to many addicted people and social problems. china tried stopping the trade but britain attacked

what was the result of the first opium war

china lost, leading to the treaty of nanking where china had to pay compensation to britain, opened ports for more trade, and hong kong was given to britain

when was the second opium war

1856-1860

what was the cause of the second opium war

china resisted further trade of opium

what was the result of the second opium war

china lost again, resulting in more ports being opened and foreign missionaries and traders allowed.

what was significant about the opium wars

it started china century of humiliation which showed chinas weakness compared to other powers and increased foreign influence and control over china

When was the boxer rebellion

1899-1901

what happened in the boxer rebellion

the boxers, a chinese nationalist group, attacked foreigners and missionaries to try get them out of china

what was the result of the boxer rebellion

other nations sent troops to stop the rebellion and the boxers were defeated and china had to sign the boxer protocol

what was included in the boxer protocol

heavy financial fines for china and foreign troops being allowed to be stationed in beijing

why did the qing dynasty end

weakness, unpopularity and a need and want for change

when did the alliance between communists and GMD end

1927

why did the alliance between communists and GMD end

the GMD turned on the communists by attacking them, leading for them to flee and start a civil war

why did japan invade manchuria

japan wanted more land and resources

what started the invasion of manchuria

japanese soldiers blew up a section of their own railway and blamed china, using it as an excuse to invade

what was the result of the invasion of manchuria

japan successfully invaded manchuria and exploited its resources

when was the long march

1934/1935

what happened in the long march

the ccp marched over 9000km to escape the gmd

when did mao come to power of the ccp

during the long march

when did japan fully invade china

1937

result of japan invading china

japan controlled alot of chinese land, however the chinese never fully surrendered

what happened after the end of ww2 in china?

japan fully surrendered from china and the civil war began again

when did the communists come to power

1949

how did the communists come to power

by defeating the gmd in the civil war

what did mao call china after the civil war?

peoples republic of china

how did the ccp defeat the gmd

guerilla tactics, support from peasants, weaker gmd after ww2

what was the result of communists coming to power

gmd fled to taiwan, no more civil war or invasions, and china becoming communist under mao zedong

what was the agrarian reform law

a reform law to redistribute land from rich landlords peasants

what was the speak bitterness campaign

where peasants were encouraged to 'speak bitterness' against former landlord about former exploitation, leading to prison and even death

how did the speak bitterness campaign and the agrarian form help the cpp?

it gained supports from peasants and strengthens communist control

what was the aim of the great leap forward

to industrialise and collectivise agriculture

results of the great leap forward

poor planning and unrealistic goals led to crop failure leading to famine. industrialise output was low quality and useless. the campaign stopped due to failure

what was the hundred flowers campaign

a campaign where mao encouraged people to send 'feedback' on the government and mao. people who sent criticism in were labelled as 'anti-rightists' and were send to labour camps

what was the cultural revolution

a movement started by mao to keep communist control by getting red guards to attack/destroy anything or anyone uncommunist-like

what were the 'four olds' which mao aimed to destroy in the cultural revolution

habit, thinking, culture, and customs

what was the result of the cultural revolution

chaos and social division. it was stopped in 1976 by the army and control was restored

when did mao zedong die

september, 1976

who took over of ccp/china after maos zedongs death?

deng xiaoping

when was the tiananmen square massacre?

1989

what happened in the tiananmen square massacre?

many protested peacefully for democracy and freedom. the army was then sent into clear the square and opened fire on protestors, killing and injuring many.

What were Sun Yatsen/GMD three principals

nationalism, democracy, peoples livelihood

who were the red army

the communist army during the chinese civil war and long march

who were the red guards

students who followed mao zedong during the cultural revolution to get rid of any ideas and people that didn't support communism

what does the phrase 'capitalist roaders' refer to

people in china accused of wanting to bring back capitalism instead of following pure communist ideas

what was the little red book

a book filled with Maos ideas and quotes that taught people how to think, act, and live like a communist.

what was the one child policy

a policy that allowed people to only have one kid to control population growth

when was the one child policy introduced

1979

how was the one child policy implemented

economic rewards, employment preferences, imposing sanctions (fines, imprisonment) to those who didn't comply

positives of one child policy

slowed population growth and helped reduce poverty

negatives of one child policy

aging population, gender imbalance, human rights violated

when did the one child policy end

2015

What were the short-term reasons the Nazis came to power?

The Great Depression, unemployment, and fear of communism.

What were the long-term reasons the Nazis came to power?

Anger at the Treaty of Versailles, weak Weimar government, and Nazi propaganda.

How did the Reichstag Fire help Hitler gain power?

He blamed Communists and passed the Emergency Decree to limit freedoms.

What was the Enabling Act?

A law giving Hitler power to make laws without the Reichstag giving him approval.

What was the Night of the Long Knives (1934)?

Hitler removed rivals like Röhm and gained full control of the army.

How did the Nazis control people's beliefs?

Through propaganda, censorship, and education.

How did the Nazis control fear and obedience?

Using the Gestapo, SS, and concentration camps.

Who spread Nazi ideas?

Goebbels, through posters, films, and rallies, berlin olympics

What was the Final Solution?

The Nazi plan to exterminate all Jews during World War II.

When did the final solution begin?

In 1942, with the Wannsee Conference.

How did the final solution happen?

Jews were sent to concentration and death camps like Auschwitz.

Who was Ebert?

Leader of Germany after WWI; first President of the Weimar Republic.

Who was Stresemann?

Weimar leader who helped stabilize Germany's economy.

Who was Hindenburg?

President who appointed Hitler as Chancellor in 1933.

Who was Hitler?

Leader of the Nazi Party; dictator of Germany (1933-1945).

Who was Röhm?

Leader of the SA; killed during the Night of the Long Knives.

Who was Goebbels?

Minister of Propaganda; controlled media and public opinion.

Who was Himmler?

Head of the SS; organised the Final Solution.

Who was Goering?

Top Nazi official; founded the Gestapo and led the Luftwaffe (air force).

When did World War One end?

On November 11, 1918, when Germany signed a peace agreement

What happened to Germany after WWI ended?

Germany was defeated and blamed for the war.

What treaty was signed after world war 1?

The Treaty of Versailles in 1919.

How did Germans feel about the Treaty of Versailles?

They felt angry and humiliated — they called it a "stab in the back."

What problems did Germany face after world war 1?

Food shortages, unemployment, poverty, and political unrest.

What new government replaced the Kaiser?

The Weimar Republic was created in 1919. (democracy)

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

A peace treaty signed in 1919 that officially ended World War I.

Who were the main leaders at the treaty?

Britain (Lloyd George), France (Clemenceau), and the USA (Wilson).

How did the Treaty affect Germany's land?

Germany lost 13% of its land and all its colonies.

What happened to Germany's army?

It was reduced to 100,000 men — no tanks, submarines, or air force.

What was Article 231 (the "War Guilt Clause")?

It blamed Germany for starting the war.

What did Germany have to pay after world war 1?

Reparations — huge payments to other countries (about £6.6 billion).

How did Germans feel about the treaty?

Angry and betrayed — they thought it was too harsh and unfair.

What is hyperinflation?

When money loses its value very quickly and prices rise out of control.

What caused hyperinflation in Germany in 1923?

The government printed too much money to pay war debts and workers striking in the Ruhr.

What happened in the Ruhr in 1923?

France and Belgium invaded to take goods because Germany couldn't pay reparations.