Карточки Contrastive Analysis in Language Teaching | Quizlet

What is the main aim of comparative philology?

aim is to trace the historical relationships between languages.

the aim is to establish f a m i l y relationship

C o n t r a s t i v e l i n g u i s t i c s attempts to find out

similarities and differences in both philogenically related and non-related languages.

What material does comparative philology use for comparison?

It mainly compares sounds, sound combinations, and words.

What is another name for comparative philology?

It is also called historical linguistics or diachronic linguistics.

What does typological classification study?onic linguistics.

It classifies languages by types and structures, not by origin.

• Types and structures = grammar, word forms, sentence building.

• Origin = history or family of the language.

What are language universals?

Language universals are features that exist in all languages despite differences.

What is the main goal of contrastive linguistics?

e goal is to identify similarities and differences between languages.

Why is contrastive linguistics important for foreign language teachers?

Because it helps predict and explain students' typical errors.

Why do foreign language learners often make errors?

Because of interference from their native language.

What is contrastive analysis?

Contrastive analysis is the detailed comparison of the native language and the target language.

What assumption(предложения) do applied linguists make about teaching materials?

They believe the best materials are based on scientific comparison of the native and target languages.

At what linguistic levels can contrastive analysis be carried out?

It can be done at phonological, grammatical, and lexical levels.

Give an example showing that languages classify reality differently.

English has two words: watch and clock, but Russian uses one word — часы.

What is natural for kinship terms in languages?

They usually reflect the difference between male and female.

Give examples of kinship terms that show male and female difference.

brother / sister, father / mother, uncle / aunt.

What is an example in English where this distinction is not made?

cousin

How is the distinction made in Russian for cousins?

двоюродный брат (male cousin) and двоюродная сестра (female cousin).

What does contrastive analysis reveal?

• In one language: one word has two meanings

• In another language: you need two different words for those meanings

Finger / Toe – палец

• Russian: палец (one word)

• English: finger (hand) and toe (foot)

What are untranslatable words?

They are words that do not have exact equivalents in another language.

Example:

-German words are gemütlich (something like 'easygoing', 'humbly pleasant', 'informal')

-Schadenfreude ('pleasure over the fact that someone else has suffered a misfortune').

-Traditional examples of untranslatable English words are ^{sophisticated and efficient.}

Why are polysemantic words difficult for learners?

Because their meanings do not completely match across languages.

one word, many meanings.

Give an example of a polysemantic English word.

The word head can mean:

-part of the body

-top of something

-leader of an organisation

Why can polysemantic words cause mistakes?

Learners may apply the meaning of a word too widely based on their native language.

What is a common mistake for Russian learners of English?

Assuming head = голова in all situations (like bed, coin, organisation)

Why does the meaning of a word depend on its lexical relations?

Because it is influenced by synonyms, lexical fields, and word families.

Why are synonymic sets different in different languages?

Because each language distributes meanings differently among its words.

What is an example of different synonymic sets?

English: brave, courageous, boldRussian: храбрый, смелый, мужественны

Do members of word-families have the same meaning in different languages?

No, they can have different denotational (literal) and connotational (emotional/associative) meanings

Give examples of connotative differences in Russian and English.

Answer:

English: head, grandfather, girl - mostly literal meaning.

Russian: головка, головушка, дедушка, дедуля - include connotative and affectionate meanings.

Why is collocability important in language learning?

Because words are usually used in combinations, not in isolation

Give an example of different collocations.

English:

new potatoes

new bread

Russian:

молодая картошка

свежий хлеб

Give an example of different meanings of a preposition.

Russian до may correspond to:

till (до 5 часов)

before (до войны)

to (до угла)

What grammatical differences may cause errors?

Differences in grammatical categories between languages.

Example: Russian plural words → English singular nouns

news

money

hair

What compulsory grammatical category exists in English but not in Russian?

The category of definiteness and indefiniteness (articles).

Why is the article system difficult for Russian learners?

Because Russian does not have articles.

Why is contrastive analysis useful for teachers?

Because it helps them predict learning difficulties and prepare effective teaching materials.

What is a typical Russian structure for describing actions?

Adverb + verb, e.g.

он крепко спит

он быстро усваивает

Can English also use this structure?

Yes, for example:

he smokes a lot

he learns slowly

What is another common English structure?

Adjective + deverbal noun, e.g.

a heavy smoker

a poor learner

Verb "to be" + adjective + infinitive, e.g.

he is quick to realise

he is slow to cool down

Give examples of English words without direct Russian equivalents.

early-riser

music-lover

How are these ideas expressed in Russian?

With phrases:

он рано встаёт

он очень любит музыку

What else does contrastive analysis study?

Situational verbal units (words or phrases used in specific situations).

-Вы ошиблись номером. / Вы не туда попали.

-Wrong number

-Ничего. Пожалуйста.

-It's all right. / It does not matter.