philosophy 1000 final

trust vs reliance

competence is necessary but not sufficient for trust. A trusts B only if A has good reason to believe that B is competent in doing x. Trust involves vulnerability on the part of the trustor. Trust involves transparency because another's actions or intentions would have to be transparent for one to judge that person trustworthy.

Blackbox problem and opacity of AI

we can witness the inputs and outputs of the process but not the inner workings. How AI reaches its conclusions is hidden from view. without understanding how Ai reaches its conclusions, how far can we trust these systems.

2 objections to Eschenbach's view and his responses

objection 1: human decisions are also biased.

response: algorithms lack transparency, so results are difficult to dispute or appeal, the potential harm have no remedy and people lack recourse to address them.

objection 2: human minds are also opaque.

response: when making judgements about another person's trustworthiness we seek to understand their reasons or motivations for carrying out the task.

Explainable AI (XAI): a solution for AI trust; how trust can be established in the sociotechnical system centered around AI

XAI helps characterize model accuracy, fairness, transparency, and outcomes in AI-powered decision making. trust can be established in STS for AI by seeing technology as more than collections of devices intermediating between their designers on one hand and users on the other.

consequentialism

Whether an act is morally right depends only on consequences

the trolley driver scenario and moral principle

5 people in front of runaway train and 1 person on different tracks. The driver can only switch the paths.

-> consequentialism: turning the trolley has a better outcome, its morally right to turn

transplant scenario and moral principle

Surgeon has 5 patients who need organs, they will die today if they don't get organs.

->Kantian ethics: we shouldn't use any person as a tool for us to get something

bystander scenario and moral principle

you are watching the trolley and pulling the lever to either kill 1 or 5.

-> act consequentialism: an action is right if and only if it produces the best consequences overall and wrong otherwise

-> rule consequentialism: action is right if it conforms to a set of moral rules which are such that the general adherence to those rules tends to product the best consequences overall

Kantian ehtics

we should never use any person as a tool for use to get something. we should never act in such a way that we treat humanity, whether in ourselves or in others as a mean only by always as an end in itself

-> transplant is morally impermissible to Kant

->trolley doesn't have a person being used as a tool to achieve the goal of saving the five

Biological sex as gender

XX and XY chromosomes, sex organs, external body features

Social expectations as gender

society attaches something more to gender; not always correlated with biological features

-> women are more caring; men are into sports

self-identification as gender

some people identify themselves as a gender different from their biological sex

Gender Internalism and objections

gender is determined primarily by your own sense of yourself.

-objections: 1) one's internal sense is private and hard to define

2) cognitively disabled people who don't have any internal sense about gender 3) worries about eliminating single sex spaces and young people going through gender transition which isn't in their best interest

gender externalism and objections

gender is determined primarily by how other people react to the person.

-objection: has difficulties accounting for gender nonconforming and gender nonbinary people

haslangers account for gender and race

-S is a woman when she is oppressed "as woman"

-externalism: ones gender depends on the dominant ideology of their society

-bio sex and self identity of gend can be different from thier gender. bio feature is a marker of social position of certain gender

advantages of haslangers account

allows one's gender to not re entirely stable: sometimes women function as men and vice versa. it allows one's other social groups interact with gender as a white woman can be privileges as whited by oppressed as women.

Egalitarianism and different aspects of it

a belief in human equality especially with respect to social, political, and economic affairs

-how people should be treated

-how wealth should be distributed

human equality: 2 views and their limits

-view 1: human beings are roughly similar in their innate physical and mental power. the appearance to the contrary is caused by differences in nutrition, education, and opportunities.

->limit: defending the claim of equal worth of dignity by appealing to similar physical and mental powers, then to encourage us to believe that people with different and physical and mental powers are worth less--and this is repugnant

-view 2: the source of equal worth lies in our power of ethical choice. we can all rank and evaluate goals and act in accordance with that ranking.

->limit: difficulty accommodating people with severe cognitive disability

Nussbaum's minimalist account

So long as a living creature is of the human species (born of human parents) and possesses some degree of agency or striving and some consciousness, that being is, for political purposes, the full equal of all other humans in worth and dignity.

-includes people with profound disabilities

-exclude people in a vegetative state, fetuses, and anencephalic infants

-criticisms: includes to many people and too little people

Physcialism

there are only one kind of things, namely physical

-some hold that mental states are functions of the physical brain

-some hold that the so-called mental properties are just identical with some physical properties

Dualism

the mental and physical-or in mind and body or mind and brain- are, in some sense radically different

substance dualism

The notion that mind and body consist of two fundamentally different kinds of stuff, or substances.

interactionist

those kinds of substance interact with each other causally

cartesian dualism

mind and body are distinct kinds of substance, but are closely connected with each other: the mind can affect the body and body can affect the mind

elisabeths objection to cartesian dualism

for an object to cause motion, it needs to satisfy at least one of these features

-be spatially extended

be in physical contact with something

Descartes's argument for dualism in Meditation II and objection

It is possible that my mind exists but my body doesnt, so mind is distinct from body

-objection: The argument equivocates two meanings of "possible". for them to be really distinct, it needs to be actually possible for one to exist without the other.