Pre-socratics

Average joes:

Empedocles: 4 elements, 2 causes

Anexagoras: basic elements for all things (seeds)

Dualists

Heraclitus: constantly changing but in order

Pythagorus: constantly changing but following rules of math

Monists

Parmenides: everything is an illusion

Zeno of Elea: cant trust our senses, movement is an illusion

Democritus

Atoms theory: qualitative monist but quantitative pluralist

Socrates

Know thyself!!

Plato

Theory of forms: eternal never-changing ideas forms with a changing reality

Anamnesis

knowing is our soul remembering from past lives

Tripartite

reason = brain, appetite = liver, spirit = heart

Aristotle:

based on sensory experience

form is related to matter, it is in the exemplar! Matter is always organized, form is organized in the matter.

Hylomorphism:

immanent forms: present in many instances, humans = souls of material living beings. forms come from within

transcendent forms: separate from them, come from God

4 causes why things are the way they are

efficient, material, formal, final

Scale of nature:

humans to plants, mind, locomotive, apperceptive, sensory, nutritive

First theory of cognition

sensation to memory to organized experience to intuitive apprehension