Unit 3 Macromoleculues Part 1: General, carbs, and lipids

List the 4 Bio macromolecules and define what they are

Large molecules built from small org molecules

• carbs

• Proteins

• Lipids

• Nucleic acids

Monomers

Single subunits/building blocks that make up macromolecules, they combine with each other using covalent bonds to form polymers

Dehydration synthesis

When monomers combine to create polymers, the monomers release water molecules as byproducts

• Hydrogen of 1 monomer combines w/t the hydroxyl group of the other monomer to form a water molecule

Form new bonds and requires energy

Hydrolysis

When polymers break down into monomers

• a chemical rxn happens when inserting a water molecule across the covalent bonds (breaking the bond)

• Rxn breaks into two components: one part gaining H atom and one gaining a (OH-) → hydroxyl molecule

Break bonds and release energy

Monosaccharides are what? Give examples

Simple sugars mono=one saccharide=sweet

Most common is glucose

• number of C range from 3-7

• Can be liner chain or a ring structure

What is the ending for monosaccharides

-ose

What monosaccharides are aldoses and what are ketoses? Also what does this mean?

Aldoses: Glucose and galactose feature a carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of the carbon chain

Ketoses: Fructose have a carbonyl group at the middle of the carbon chain

What is a hexose and what monosaccharides are?

It is any class of simple sugar who molecules contain 6 Carbon. Such as glucose and fructose and galactose… they generally have the chemical formula C₆H₁₂O₆

Provide a definition for disaccharides

Form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction (or condensation or dehydration synthesis)

• Mostly it is where one monosaccharide’s hydroxyl group combines with another monosaccharide’s Hydrogen

• releases water and forms a covalent bond

Glycosidic bond types (alpha vs beta) provide examples

Alpha → formed when OH group on Carbon-1 of first glucose is below ring plane

Beta → Formed when OH group on carbon-1 is above the ring plane

Ex: Lactose, maltose, and sucrose

Provide a definition for polysaccharides and give examples

Long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds, may be branded or unbranched and may contain different types of monosaccharides

Ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin

What polysaccharide do plants use to store sugars?

Starch

What is glycogen used for? What is is comprised of? Where is it stored

Stored in liver, very short-term

It is mostly fat

Storage for glucose/carbs/energy in humans and other vertebrates

What is the process where glycogen breaks down to release glucose?

Glycogenolysis

What is cellulose’s structure, where is it found?

• most abundant natural biopolymer

• mostly in plant’s cell wall providing cell support

• every other glucose monomer in cellulose is flipped over

What are two examples of chitin in nature?

• chitin makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods

• Major component of fungal cell walls

Are carbs soluble? What carb is insoluble

There are soluble and insoluble parts

Cellulose is insoluble

Main way humans take in cellulose and what does this do (hint it is an important part of a diet)

Fiber: regulates blood glucose consumption rate and promotes reg bowel movement

• also helps remove excess cholesterol from body

What are the four classes of lipids

• fats and oils

• Phospholipids

• Steroids

• Wax

Why are lipids unable to dissolve in water

They are mostly nonpolar bonds

What makes up a triglyceride and what food are these in?

One glycerol and 3 fatty acids this is a lipid

Found in butter, oil, etc

What is a phospholipid comprised of?

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate group

In other words a diacylglycerol and modified phosphate group

• Must also have a modifying alcohol to be a phospholipid

What does it mean when something is amphiphatic?

It has hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

Describe Steroids and why they are considered lipids

• They have a fused ring structure and (-OH) func group

• Have 4 linked C rings and several of them (like cholesterol) have a short tail

• While they have no resemblance to lipids they’re hydrophobic and insoluble in water

What is the most common steroid and where is it synthesized?

• cholesterol, which is a precursor to many steroids such as testosterone and estradiol

• Synthesized in the liver

What is a fat molecule comprised of

Glycerol and fatty acids (long Hcarb chains)

What is a saturated fat and where do you get this in your diet?

Fatty acids saturated with H, meaning that the # of H atoms attached to C skeleton is maximized, there are no double bonds and it is not possible to add more H to the chain’s C atoms

• from animals, solid at room temp

What might saturated fats contribute to in the body?

Plaque formation in arteries

What are unsaturated fats? What state are they typically in at room temp

What the HCarb chain contains a double bonds

they are typically liquid at room temp (oils) BECAUSE of the double bonds (only for cis bonds)

When are unsaturated fats/oils not liquid at room temp

In butter (trans-fat) version of the double bond, giving the molecule a curve

What is a monounsaturated fat? And give an example

One double bond

Ex: olive oil

What is a polyunsaturated fat and give one example

More than one double bond

Ex: Canola oil

What can unsaturated fats do in the body?

Help decrease blood cholesterol levels

What makes something a trans fat?

If H atoms are on two different planes

Note that these do not naturally occur in nature

What is wax? Where does it occur in nature

• Wax is a lipid

• It covers some aquatic bird’s feathers and some plant’s leaf surfaces

• Hydrophobic therefore prevents water from sticking on the surface

• Comprises of long fatty acids saturated chains esterified to long-chain alcohols.

What is the importance of fats/oils for life

• energy/storage

• Insulation

• Vitamin adsorption

What is the general structure of a steroid

• 4 linked C rings and sometimes a tail

• Hydrophobic, insoluble

What are steroids involved in

Cell signaling & communication, can pass through cell membrane and affect protein expression