Analyzing Infections That May Influence the Practice of Dentistry

Flashcards about Analyzing Infections That May Influence the Practice of Dentistry

Why is it important for dental health personnel to understand transmissible diseases?

Dental health personnel become exposed to infectious agents in the office and clinic, and it is the dental team's responsibility to prevent cross-infection between personnel and patients.

Standard Precautions

A standard of care that protects patients and healthcare workers from pathogens spread by blood or other bodily fluids, secretions/excretions, non-intact skin, and mucous membranes, applied to all patients.

Direct Contact

Person to person body contact.

Indirect Contact

Spread of disease through objects or surfaces (fomites).

Droplet Infection

Spread of disease through small liquid drops (> 5 microns).

Airborne Infection (Aerosols)

Travel with air currents, move from room to room, remain airborne for hours, and can be inhaled.

Prevention for Direct Transmission

Gloves, disinfection.

Prevention for Indirect Transmission

Gloves, disinfection, safety procedures.

Prevention for Droplet and Airborne Transmission

Mask, eyewear, face shield.

Infection Potential

The pathogenic or disease producing potential present in the oral cavity of each patient.

Cross Contamination

The spread of microorganisms from one source to another, including person to person and person to inanimate object to another person.

Port of Exit

Respiratory tract, skin abrasion, needles, dental procedure.

Pathogenic Agent

Bacteria, virus, fungus, protozoan.

Reservoir

Saliva, blood, feces, water, environment, animals, insects.

Mode of Spread

Indirect and direct contact, droplets, airborne.

Portal of Entry

Respiratory, eyes, mucous membrane, needle stick.

Ways to break the chain of infection

Standard Precautions, Immunizations, Control of aerosols Identification of disease or lesion

Eliminate organisms at the source

Preprocedural mouthrinse, brushing and flossing prior to appointment.

Interrupt transmission

Suction, rubber dam, manual instruments, ventilation.

Protect Clinician/Patient

Clean Water / EPA: Self contained water, chemical treatments, filters, back flow prevention; Flush water lines from 20-30 seconds between patients

Physical Barriers (Innate Host Defenses)

Skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract.

Mechanical Barriers (Innate Host Defenses)

Saliva, tears, shedding of skin cells.

Immune System

Protects against disease causing agents.

Antigens

Bacteria, viruses, fungus.

Acquired Immunity

Immunity that results after exposure to an agent.

Long term Immunity

Following the initial immune response the body is now ready for future invasions.

Artificial Immunity

Immunization/vaccination.

Bacteria

Tremendous ability to multiply, influenced by physical and chemical conditions like temperature, acidity, and nutrients.

Bacteriostatic

Prevent growth without killing them.

Bactericidal

Killing bacteria.

Viruses

Smaller than bacteria, not free living, need living cells to survive.

Oral diseases relating to viruses

Herpes, Hand foot and mouth disease, HPV

Blood borne diseases relating to viruses

Hepatitis, HIV

Controlling virus replication

Immunization, infection control.

Fungus

Mushrooms, molds, yeasts, Oral Candidiasis.

Fungus Treatment

Topical antifungals, heat and chemicals.

Steps in the development of an infectious disease

Source of microorganism, escape from source, spread to new person, entry into new person, infection: survival and growth, damage to body.

Viral Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver caused by viruses A-B-C-D-E.

Transmission routes of Hepatitis

A and E are transmitted through food and water via fecal-oral routes; B-C-D are bloodborne diseases transmitted through direct/indirect contact

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

Critical occupational hazard for dental personnel; Blood and other bodily fluids; Percutaneously and permucosally through sharing contaminated needles/sexual contact/perinatal.

Hepatitis B Symptoms

Jaundice, malaise, one-third may have no symptoms at all.

Hepatitis B Treatment

Immunoglobulin and vaccine for exposure; Prevention: Immunization.

Hepatitis B Vaccine

The US Department of Labor requires healthcare employers to offer Hepatitis B vaccine series free of charge to office staff at risk for potential exposure.

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

50% are related to intravenous drug use, 75%-85% become chronic carriers, 60-70% develop chronic liver disease.

Vaccine availability for Hepatitis C

No vaccine is available.

Hepatitis D (HDV)

Considered a complication of Hepatitis B; Successful vaccination against HBV should prevent HDV.

Hepatitis A and E

Vaccination is available and recommended for travel to countries with poor sanitation practices.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

RNA Virus called retrovirus; Progresses to a final phase of AIDS; Involves the destruction of the immune system.

Dental Team and Dental Patient Risk with HIV

Low, but potential risk exists; Prevention for dental worker/patient: Standard precautions.

Herpes Simplex Types 1 & 2

May cause infections of the mouth, skin, eyes, and genitals.

Herpes viruses cause recurrent disease

Herpes Labialis Herpetic Whitlow.

Tuberculosis

Infection primarily in the lungs; May have oral lesions; Inhalation of droplets;

Tuberculosis and Aerosols

Use of aerosol producing devices is contraindicated.

Prevention of Tuberculosis

95% filtration mask.

Why is it important for dental health personnel to understand transmissible diseases?

Dental health personnel become exposed to infectious agents in the office and clinic, and it is the dental team's responsibility to prevent cross-infection between personnel and patients.

Standard Precautions

A standard of care that protects patients and healthcare workers from pathogens spread by blood or other bodily fluids, secretions/excretions, non-intact skin, and mucous membranes, applied to all patients.

Direct Contact

Person to person body contact.

Indirect Contact

Spread of disease through objects or surfaces (fomites).

Droplet Infection

Spread of disease through small liquid drops (> 5 microns).

Airborne Infection (Aerosols)

Travel with air currents, move from room to room, remain airborne for hours, and can be inhaled.

Prevention for Direct Transmission

Gloves, disinfection.

Prevention for Indirect Transmission

Gloves, disinfection, safety procedures.

Prevention for Droplet and Airborne Transmission

Mask, eyewear, face shield.

Infection Potential

The pathogenic or disease producing potential present in the oral cavity of each patient.

Cross Contamination

The spread of microorganisms from one source to another, including person to person and person to inanimate object to another person.

Port of Exit

Respiratory tract, skin abrasion, needles, dental procedure.

Pathogenic Agent

Bacteria, virus, fungus, protozoan.

Reservoir

Saliva, blood, feces, water, environment, animals, insects.

Mode of Spread

Indirect and direct contact, droplets, airborne.

Portal of Entry

Respiratory, eyes, mucous membrane, needle stick.

Ways to break the chain of infection

Standard Precautions, Immunizations, Control of aerosols Identification of disease or lesion

Eliminate organisms at the source

Preprocedural mouthrinse, brushing and flossing prior to appointment.

Interrupt transmission

Suction, rubber dam, manual instruments, ventilation.

Protect Clinician/Patient

Clean Water / EPA: Self contained water, chemical treatments, filters, back flow prevention; Flush water lines from 20-30 seconds between patients

Physical Barriers (Innate Host Defenses)

Skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract.

Mechanical Barriers (Innate Host Defenses)

Saliva, tears, shedding of skin cells.

Immune System

Protects against disease causing agents.

Antigens

Bacteria, viruses, fungus.

Acquired Immunity

Immunity that results after exposure to an agent.

Long term Immunity

Following the initial immune response the body is now ready for future invasions.

Artificial Immunity

Immunization/vaccination.

Bacteria

Tremendous ability to multiply, influenced by physical and chemical conditions like temperature, acidity, and nutrients.

Bacteriostatic

Prevent growth without killing them.

Bactericidal

Killing bacteria.

Viruses

Smaller than bacteria, not free living, need living cells to survive.

Oral diseases relating to viruses

Herpes, Hand foot and mouth disease, HPV

Blood borne diseases relating to viruses

Hepatitis, HIV

Controlling virus replication

Immunization, infection control.

Fungus

Mushrooms, molds, yeasts, Oral Candidiasis.

Fungus Treatment

Topical antifungals, heat and chemicals.

Steps in the development of an infectious disease

Source of microorganism, escape from source, spread to new person, entry into new person, infection: survival and growth, damage to body.

Viral Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver caused by viruses A-B-C-D-E.

Transmission routes of Hepatitis

A and E are transmitted through food and water via fecal-oral routes; B-C-D are bloodborne diseases transmitted through direct/indirect contact

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

Critical occupational hazard for dental personnel; Blood and other bodily fluids; Percutaneously and permucosally through sharing contaminated needles/sexual contact/perinatal.

Hepatitis B Symptoms

Jaundice, malaise, one-third may have no symptoms at all.

Hepatitis B Treatment

Immunoglobulin and vaccine for exposure; Prevention: Immunization.

Hepatitis B Vaccine

The US Department of Labor requires healthcare employers to offer Hepatitis B vaccine series free of charge to office staff at risk for potential exposure.

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

50% are related to intravenous drug use, 75%-85% become chronic carriers, 60-70% develop chronic liver disease.

Vaccine availability for Hepatitis C

No vaccine is available.

Hepatitis D (HDV)

Considered a complication of Hepatitis B; Successful vaccination against HBV should prevent HDV.