Chapter 21, 22 terms

Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

Skilled Confederate general whose leadership boosted Southern morale.

“Anaconda” Plan

Union strategy to blockade and split the South, weakening its economy.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general known for tactical skill, central to Southern war efforts.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general who led to victory and later became president.

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed slaves in Confederate areas, changing the war’s purpose to abolition.

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln’s speech redefining the war as a fight for freedom and unity.

Copperheads

Northern Democrats opposing the war, revealing political divisions at home.

John Wilkes Booth

Assassin of Lincoln, plunging the nation into mourning and political crisis.

Freedmen’s Bureau

Provided aid to freed slaves, schools, and hospitals, easing transition to freedom.

Black Codes

Laws restricting African Americans’ rights, undermining Reconstruction goals.

Civil War Amendments (13,14,15)

Abolished slavery, guaranteed citizenship, and voting rights for Black men.

Reconstruction

Period rebuilding the South and integrating freed slaves after the Civil War.

Hiram Revels

First Black U.S. senator, symbolizing political gains during Reconstruction.

Scalawags

Southern whites supporting Reconstruction, often seen as traitors by other Southerners.

Carpetbaggers

Northerners moving South during Reconstruction for political and economic opportunities.

Sharecropping

System where freedmen farmed land for a share of the crop, often causing debt.

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist group using terror to resist Black equality.

“Literacy tests”

Voting restrictions designed to suppress Black suffrage in the South.

“Grandfather clause”

Allowed whites to vote while disenfranchising Black citizens.

Seward’s Folly

U.S. purchase of Alaska mocked at the time, later proving strategically valuable.