applied phonetics quiz 3

the respiratory system

lungs, rib cage, abdomen, intrinsic and extrinsic muscles, diaphragm

egressive

sounds produced with outward flow of air

ingressive

sounds produced with inward flow of air (tongue clicks)

breath group

sequence of words/sounds produced on a single breath (10 sec/ breath)

inspiration

inhalation, chest muscles contract, volume increases, more room for air

muscles release air into laryngeal and supralaryngeal system

generates speech

respiratory muscles cannot contract further

adds emphasis or loudness

larynx

voice box

trachea

windpipe

vocal folds

small cushions of muscles, men have longer ones

abduction

vocal folds are open

adduction

vocal folds come together

restoring forces

vocal folds vibrate, adducted, air escapes from lungs, creates vibrations blowing apart the vocal folds but then sucking them back together

fundamental frequency

f0, rate of vocal fold vibration, Hz, low rate of vibration= low frequency= low pitch, vice versa

fundamental frequency in gender and age

men= 125Hz/sec, longer vibration travel time

women= 250Hz/ sec

children= 500Hz/ sec

supralaryngeal system

pharyngeal cavity, pharynx (throat), oral (lips, jaw, tongue) and nasal cavity, velum (soft palate)

velopharyngeal (VP) port

opening between the oral-pharyngeal and nasal cavities

soft palate

velum, raises, lowered, or at rest

raised velum

oral sounds travel out of oral cavity, ex: p,s,r

lowered velum

nasal sounds travel out of nasal cavity, ex: n,m

mandible

jaw, moves up, down, forward, backward, lower lip and tongue movements

lips

move up, down, rounds and protrudes, when protruding oral cavity lengthens, articulators change and grow into adulthood

tongue

connects to jaw and hyoid bone, hydrostat (no internal skeleton, has muscles)

body

mass of tongue

apex

tip, visible when tongue protrudes between lips

blade

behind the apex, before the dorsum

dorsum

back of tongue

root

long portion that forms pharynx

x-ray imaging

how different articulators interact to create speech sounds, radiation exposure

electromagnetic articulography

helmet on head that receives signals from transmitters placed on the tongue and/or other articulators, not tolerated well by all individuals

ultrasound

visualize tongue movements, only can see the tongue

MRI

visualize articulators without radiation, expensive

electropalatography

measures tongue contact to an artificial palate via electrodes

endoscopy

camera with light passes through the nose and provides a visual of the pharynx or larynx/ vocal folds, uncomfortable

aerodynamic analysis

face mask that allows for measurements of airflow from oral and nasal cavities

acoustic analysis

software programs allow us to record and visualize speech acoustics