exam 01 anatomy!

anatomy

the study of structure or form

Physiology

the study of function

Anatomy and physiology are

complementary

Structure determines

function

Form can vary how much?

slightly based on function

(study of anatomy) Comparative anatomy

compares more than one species, studies generalizations and evolutionary trends

(study of anatomy) Surface anatomy

external landmarks that indicate internal body structures

(study of anatomy) Internal anatomy

relies on dissection

(study of anatomy) Gross anatomy

structures seen with the naked eye

(study of anatomy) Microscopic anatomy

cytology and histology

Cytology

study of cells

Histology

study of tissues

(biological qualities of living things) Organization

living things are more organized than nonliving things, expend energy to maintain order

(biological qualities of living things) Cellular composition

living things are composed of at least one cell

(biological qualities of living things) Metabolism

anabolism and catabolism

anabolism

small molecules joined to form larger ones

Catabolism

large molecules broken down into smaller ones

(biological qualities of living things) Responsiveness

ability to detect and react to stimuli

(biological qualities of living things) Homeostasis

Internal stability despite a changing external environment

(biological qualities of living things) Reproduction

Produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair of tissue (mitosis + meiosis)

Mitosis

produces somatic (all but sex) cells

Meiosis

produces gametes (sex cells)

(biological qualities of living things) Growth and development

the change in form or structure over the lifetime of an organism

(growth + development in bio qualities of living orgs) Differentiation

cells and tissues with no specialized function (stem or germ cells) transform into cells committed to a particular task

(biological qualities of living things) Evolution

the genetic change in the population over time, seen only in population, not in individuals

(evolution) New variations

introduced by mutations, caused by change in DNA

Homeostasis

is the body’s ability to maintain consistent internal conditions despite environmental changes

Homeostasis is maintained by

negative feedback

Negative feedback

a change is detected and the body reverses or negates that change

Homeostasis

maintains physiological values within a normal range, values fluctuate around a set point, within that range

Negative feedback example

blood pressure regulation

Blood pressure regulation

arising from bed, gravity pulls blood down away from the brain; blood pressure falls, Baroreceptors near the heart sense this decreased blood pressure and send signals to the cardiac control center in the brain, which stimulates the heart to beat faster, this raises blood pressure and returns body to homeostasis

(components of feedback loops) Receptor

body structure that detects a change in a body condition

Receptor example

baroreceptors near the heart

(components of feedback loops) Control center

processes information from the receptor and initiates a response

Control center example

cardiac control center in brain

(components of feedback loops) Effector

structure that carries out the response to restore homeostasis

Effector example

heart

Positive feedback

self-amplifying cycle where change in the body leads to a greater change in the same direction

positive feedback is

sometimes a normal way of producing rapid change

positive feedback examples

child birth, blood clotting, ovulation

Is positive feedback homeostatic?

NOT homeostatic

More often, positive feedback is

a harmful process; can bring values away from normal set point

Positive feedback being harmful example

very high fever

Fevers triggered by infection can be beneficial; it raises metabolic rate

but the higher metabolic rate makes the body produce heat faster than it can eliminate it; this raises temperature even further; becomes fatal at 450 C (113 F)

(levels of human structure) Chemical level

consists of atoms, elements, and molecules

Cellular level

cells are the basic units of structure and function

Structure of cells

vary, depending on the function

(levels of human structure) Tissue level, Tissue:

group of similar cells that perform a specific function

Four basic tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

(levels of human structure) Organ level

two or more tissue types that work together to carry out functions

(levels of human structure) Organ system

Groups of organs that carry out basic body functions

(levels of human structure) Organism

the complete body, consisting of all organ systems working interdependently

Anatomical position

Allows frame of reference for anatomical description, person standing upright with feet flat on floor, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward

In anatomical position palms are

forward

(anatomical planes) Views of body are based on

“slices”

(anatomical planes) Section

an actual cut to reveal internal anatomy

(anatomical planes) Plane

an imaginary flat surface passing through the body

(anatomical planes) Coronal (frontal) plane

divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior(back)

(anatomical planes) Transverse (horizontal) plane

Divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts

(anatomical planes) Sagittal plane

Divides the body into unequal left and right sides

(anatomical planes) Midsagittal plane

Divides the body into equal left and right sides

In anatomical position, specific directional terms are used to

describe relative positions or structures

Anterior

towards the front

Posterior

towards the back

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Medial

towards the midline (split at end of shoulders) of the body

Lateral

away from the midline of the body

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment to trunk

Distal

farther from point of attachment to trunk

Superficial

closer to the body surface

Deep

further from the body surface

2 main body regions

axial and appendicular

(½ main body regions) axial

cranium, ribcage, neck, trunk

(½ main body regions) appendicular

full shoulder + blade to fingertips, pelvis and below

Axial region forms the

vertical axis of the body

Axial

Head (cephalic), neck (cervical), and trunk

Trunk is further divided into

thoratic, abdominal, pelvic regions

thoratic (chest) region

above the diaphragm

Abdominal and pelvic regions

below the diaphragm

Abdominopelvic region is further subdivided into

central and lateral regions

(Abdominopelvic regions) central regions

epigastric region: above umbilical, umbilical region: middle, hypogastric region: below umbilical

lateral regions

hypochondriac, lumbar, iliac

Hypochondriac region (R and L)

lateral to epigastric

Lumbar region (R and L)

lateral to umbilical

Iliac region (R and L)

lateral to hypogastric

Appendicular region

upper and lower limbs and their associated girdles (attaches bones to trunk – like doll joints)

(appendicular region) girdles

Pectoral and pelvic

(appendicular region) Upper limb

Arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand, and fingers

(appendicular region) Lower limb

Thigh, knee, leg, ankle, foot, and toes

Anatomic terminology

Specific terms used to describe external body regions, different from everyday terminology

(Body Cavities and Membranes) Internal organs (viscera) are found

within body cavities

(Body Cavities and Membranes) cranial cavity

formed by the bones of the skull, contains the brain

(Body Cavities and Membranes) vertebral canal

space surrounded by the vertebral column, contains the spinal cord (inside bone), continuous with the cranial cavity

(Body Cavities and Membranes) Thoracic cavity

above diaphragm, heart + lungs

(Body Cavities and Membranes) thoracic, Mediastinum

heart

(Body Cavities and Membranes) thoracic, Pulmonary cavity (R and L)

lungs

(Body Cavities and Membranes) Abdominopelvic cavity

superior abdominal cavity containing digestive organs, inferior pelvic cavity containing reproductive organs

Body cavities are lined by

membranes