nutrisci

Vitamin E deficiency symptoms

Retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, lower immune function.

Primary deficiency of Vitamin K

Rare; secondary deficiency due to malabsorption and anticoagulant drugs.

Symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency

Night blindness, xerophthalmia, corneal and conjunctival scarring, blindness.

Vitamin D deficiency diseases

Osteomalacia in adults, rickets in children.

Conversion of retinol and retinal

Retinol can be converted back and forth to retinal.

Active form of Vitamin D

Calcitriol (1,25-(OH)2D3).

Role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Stimulates production of osteoclasts and increases calcium absorption.

Storage duration of fat-soluble vitamins

Symptoms take longer to develop due to prolonged storage in adipose tissue and liver.

Two-step activation of Vitamin D

First in the liver (25-OHase), then in the kidney (1-alpha-OHase).

Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE)

Accounting for bioavailability and efficiency of different forms of Vitamin A.

Potent forms of Vitamin A affecting gene expression

Retinoic acid regulates cell differentiation, growth, and immune function.

Best food sources of Vitamin E

Vegetable oils.

Vitamin A food sources

Animal products and sweet potatoes.

Vitamin K food sources

Green leafy vegetables.

Vitamin D food sources

Liver, beef, veal, eggs, fish, sun, fortified foods.

Primary source of alpha-tocopherol

Most relevant for antioxidant functions, processed in the liver.

Niacin (B3) deficiency symptoms

Pellagra: diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, death.

Thiamin (B1) deficiency types

Beriberi: wet (cardiovascular) and dry (nervous system).

Riboflavin (B2) deficiency symptoms

Ariboflavinosis: cracked lips, inflamed mouth, light sensitivity.

Microcytic hypochromic anemia (B6) cause

Due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis, leads to small, pale RBCs.

Consequences of pernicious anemia (B12) deficiency

Peripheral neuropathy, gait ataxia, memory loss, myelin sheath damage.

Folate deficiency symptoms

Megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects.

Environmental factors affecting vitamin content

Sensitive to heat, light, and O2.

THF function in metabolism

Converts homocysteine to methionine, related to B6, B9, and B12.

Neural tube develops into

Brain and spinal cord; inadequate folate can lead to anencephaly.

Vitamin B6 deficiency leads to

Microcytic anemia due to its role in hemoglobin synthesis.

Foods rich in thiamin (B1)

Whole grains, pork, legumes.

Sources of riboflavin (B2)

Dairy products.

Best sources of niacin (B3)

Meats, poultry, seafood.

Vitamin B12 absorption requirement

Requires intrinsic factor for absorption in the ileum.

Folate's role in masking B12 deficiency

Can correct anemia but not neurological issues from B12 deficiency.

Cofactors in enzymatic reactions

B vitamins, involving NAD+, NADP+, FAD, and pyridoxal phosphate.

Assessment of vitamin sufficiency

Using biomarkers like serum levels; homocysteine for B12 and folate.

Drug interaction with riboflavin

Phenobarbital increases riboflavin utilization.

Upper intake limits for Niacin and B6

Only a few times higher than RDA due to risk of toxicity.

Renin-angiotensin system trigger

Renin from kidneys due to decreased blood pressure.

Angiotensin 2 function

Powerful vasoconstrictor, increases blood pressure.

Effect of prolonged sweating

Leads to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, triggering thirst and RAS.

Body water compartments by weight

ECF: ⅓ body water, ICF: ⅔ body water.

Isotonic saline definition

0.9% NaCl, same osmolarity as blood plasma.

Dehydration effect on urine production

Reduces urine output via ADH release.

Body pH regulation mechanisms

Buffer systems, respiratory control, renal mechanisms.

Kidney functions

Regulate osmolarity, volume, electrolyte balance, hormone secretion.

Nephron structure and function

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion of urine.