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Anatomy

The scientific study of the structure of bodies and their parts.

Macroscopic or Gross Anatomy

The study of body structures that are visible to the naked eye.

Microscopic Anatomy

The study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Regional Anatomy

The study of all the structures in a particular region of the body.

Systematic Anatomy

The study of the body's organ systems, examining each system throughout the entire body.

Developmental Anatomy

The study of the structural changes that occur during the growth and development of an organism.

Pathological Anatomy

The study of structural changes in tissues and organs caused by disease.

Radiographic Anatomy

The study of body structures using imaging techniques such as X-rays.

Comparative Anatomy

The study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.

Physiology

The scientific study of the functions and mechanisms of living systems.

Homeostasis

The process by which living organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical processes that occur within an organism.

Anabolism

The metabolic process that builds complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.

Catabolism

The metabolic process that breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

Oxygen (O2)

An essential reactant for aerobic cellular respiration, producing ATP.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

A primary waste product of aerobic respiration that regulates blood pH.

Nutrients

Substances that provide nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life.

Water

An essential inorganic nutrient that regulates temperature and transports substances.

Cells

The fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms.

Tissues

Groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Organs

Structures composed of two or more different types of tissues working together.

Organ Systems

Groups of organs that work together to perform one or more functions in the body.

Negative feedback

A mechanism for maintaining homeostasis that counteracts change.

Positive feedback

A mechanism that intensifies or enhances the original stimulus.

Anatomical Position

The standard frame of reference in which the body is standing upright with arms at sides and face forward.

Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.

Transverse Plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Axial Region

The part of the body that includes the head, neck, and trunk.

Appendicular Region

The part of the body that includes the upper and lower limbs.

Cranial Cavity

The cavity enclosed by the cranium, containing the brain.

Thoracic Cavity

The cavity that contains the lungs and heart.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

The cavity that contains the organs of the digestive system and reproductive organs.

Integumentary System

The system that includes the skin, hair, and nails.

Skeletal System

The system that includes bones, cartilages, and ligaments.

Muscular System

The system that includes all the muscles in the body.

Nervous System

The system that includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Endocrine System

The system that includes glands that release hormones.

Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System

The system that includes the heart and blood vessels.

Respiratory System

The system that includes the airways and lungs for gas exchange.

Urinary System

The system that includes the kidneys and bladder for waste elimination.

Reproductive System

The system responsible for reproduction, including male and female organs.

X-rays

Imaging technique that creates images of internal body structures using electromagnetic radiation.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

An imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of soft tissues.

Ultrasonography (Ultrasound)

An imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images.

Computed Tomography (CT)

Imaging technique that combines X-ray images taken from different angles to create cross-sectional views.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

An imaging technique that uses radioactive tracers to visualize and measure metabolic activity.