Unit 2 - Population and Migration

friction of distance

the increase in time, effort and cost that usually comes with increasing distance

Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

intervening opportunity

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

Guest Workers

Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs. Legal and usually a short term work visa

refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

assylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

human trafficking

The illegal trade of human beings, a modern-day form of slavery, for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor, or involuntary military combat.

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a new location

Emigration

movement of individuals out of an area

push factors

Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.

pull factors

Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to a new location

gravity model of migration

large communities have a greater pull and attract more migrants

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.

Rustbelt to Sunbelt

Internal migration (USA) from northern industrial cities to southern and western locales (1980s to present). Pennsylvania, Michigan to Texas and California (Florida).

Deindustrialization

The cumulative and sustained decline in the contribution of manufacturing to a national economy.

physical factors

climate, landforms, water bodies

Human Factors

culture, economics, history, politics

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

population distribution

how population is spread out in an area

population density

A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Child Mortality Rate (CMR)

Number of deaths of children from the age of 1 to 5 per 1,000 live births in that year

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

life expectancy at birth (LEB)

the average number of years a newborn baby could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of the newborn's life

dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

natural increase

The growth rate of a population; the difference between birthrate and death rate. It doe not include migration.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

youth dependency ratio

The ratio of the number of people aged 0-15r to those aged 15-64 years

elderly dependency ratio

The ratio of the number of people aged 65 and over to those aged 15-64 years

Economically active

People between the ages of 16 and 65. These people are normally working and pay taxes.

replacement level

The fertility rate necessary for a population to replace itself (2.1)

subsistence agriculture

Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade.

maternal mortality

number of women who die due to pregnancy and childbirth complications

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The difference in births and deaths in a population, usually expressed as a percentage; does not include migration

population doubling time

The number of years it takes a population to double; calculated by dividing the number 70 by the rate of natural increase

total population

includes CBR-CDR + immigrants - emigrants

Baby Boom

the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II

Remittances

Transfers of money/goods by foreign workers to their home countries.

net migration

the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

Voluntary Migration

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.

transnational migration

a process of movement and settlement of people across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country

Internal Migration

Movement of people within a particular country.

friction of distance

the increase in time, effort and cost that usually comes with increasing distance

Transhumance

A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

intervening opportunity

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

Guest Workers

Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs. Legal and usually a short term work visa

Circular Migration

The temporary movement of a migrant worker between origin and destination to seek employment.

refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

assylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

human trafficking

The illegal trade of human beings, a modern-day form of slavery, for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor, or involuntary military combat.

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a new location

Emigration

movement of individuals out of an area

push factors

Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.

pull factors

Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to a new location

gravity model of migration

large communities have a greater pull and attract more migrants

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.

Rustbelt to Sunbelt

Internal migration (USA) from northern industrial cities to southern and western locales (1980s to present). Pennsylvania, Michigan to Texas and California (Florida).

Deindustrialization

The cumulative and sustained decline in the contribution of manufacturing to a national economy.