Studied by 1 person
what rebellions were there in the Saxon/medieval era?
Peasant’s revolt 1381
Jack Cade’s revolt 1450
What percentage of violent crimes were there in the Saxon era compared to the industrial era?
20% violent crimes in 1300-1348 vs. 2% in the C19th
What was the population increase in the Early Modern Era?
2.6 million (1500) → 4.3 million (1600)
when did the cloth industry collapse?
1550s
when were there bad harvests?
1590s
when was the Queen excommunicated by the pope?
1570
→ 1588 - 1603 laws became harsher
how many people were executed for heresy during queen Mary’s rule?
280 executed
what were the rebellions and revolts like in the early modern era?
Religious
Wyatt Rebellion (1554)
Popish plot (1678)
economic
Teenage apprentice riots (1595)
Politcal
Monmouth Rebellion (1685)
what was the population increase in industrial period?
9.5 million (1750) → 41.5 million (1900)
what was the population increase of certain industrial towns?
Manchester
75,000 (1801) → 503,000 (1851)
when were the Napolienic wars?
1815
Give an example of smuggling
1798 → 300 caskets of brandy and £ chests of tea seized
how much was tax reduced on goods?
what act was implemented to reduce smuggling?
tea
119% → 12.5%
1718 Hovering act (heavy ships weren’t allowed to focus on shore)
What was the reward on Dick Turpin? when was he hanged?
reward on Dick Turpin was £100
hung on the 7th April 1739
how many people were sleeping rough in the industrial era?
what percentage of crimes were property crimes in the industrial era?
1876 - 30,00 sleeping rough
Industrial era - 90% crimes were property crimes
when were JPs created? when was the Justices of Peace Act passed?
JPs - 1326
Justices of Peace Act - 1361
When were Parish constables, Night Watchmen, and Charlies created?
When could JPs detain criminals?
Parish Constables → 1250
Night Watchmen → 1285
Charlies → 1663
1554 - JPs cna detain criminals/suspects
how many JPs did Merthyr Tydfil have in the Industrial period?
Merthyr Tydfil - had 2 JPS
When was Henry Fielding appointed Chief of Magistrate?
What newspapers did the fielding brothers create?
When were the Bow Street runners established?
How many Bow street runners were there by 1800?
When was the thames police founded?
1748 - Henry fielding appointed chief of magistrate
1752 - bi-weekly magazine “the Covent Garden journal”
1772 - ‘ the quarterly pursuit’
1749 - Bow STREET runners established
1800 - 68 bow street runners
1798 - Thames police
when was the peterloo massacre?
When was the Metropolitan Police Act created?
1919 - Peterloo Massacre
1829 - Metropolitan police act
What was the police force initially like in London?
London divided into 17 divisions
154 constables
1 superintendant
what Metropolitan act nationalised the police force?
what other acts passed?
County and Borough Act 1856
Other unsuccessful acts:
Rural police Act 1839
Municipal corporation Act 1835
how many constables stayed after 4 years in the police force?
what were police initially nicknamed as?
562 of 2800 stayed after 4yrs
Initially named as the “blue devils”
What act extend the police force?
what was the turning point for the police force?
1839 Metropolitan Police act
1851 → the great exhibition
How did the number of police forces decrease?
1946 Police act merged forces
117 forces (1946) → 43 forces (2017)
how many women are in the police force now? what percentage of the police force do they make up?
50,364 female police officers
Make up 28% of the force
when were cars introduced into the police force?
when was the major developments in police transport?
When was the 999 number introduced?
When could women work in the police force?
1919 - cars introduced into the police force
1970 - major developments in police transport (rapid response cars & helicopters)
1937 - 999 number introduced
1919 - women introduced to the force
when was the first police photographer hired?
When was the first speed camera installed? how many people did it catch?
When did the first national computer go live?
when were fingerprinting and DNA profiling first used?
What does SOCOs stand for?
1901 - 1st police photographer
1991 - 1st speed camera (M4) → caught 400 ppl
1974 - Police national computer went live
1901 - fingerprinting first used
1968 - DNA profiling used
SOCOS → Scene Of Crime Officers
what new divisions were created in the police force?
give an example of a terrorist attack that has happened in the C21st
1946 - Fraud squad
1972 - anti-terrorist squad
2001 - national hi-tech crime unit
9/11 bombings in New York
7/7 bombings in London
give an example of a wergild
give an example of a ‘trial’
how can you get out of punishment during the medieval era?
wergild → a thumb stuck off = 20 shillings
“trial” → sticking hand in boiling water, then leaving it bandaged for 3 days
recite the neck verse to get the benefit of clergy (get out of punishment)
what punishments did vagabonds face?
1531 → whipped until body was bloody
1547 - branded with a V
slavery/execution
Houses of correction
when was the bloody code?
how many capital crimes were there during the bloody code?
who were important individuals in removing the bloody code?
Bloody code - 1688 → 1815
Bloody code - 225 capital crimes
Sir Samuel Romily - 1808 banned DP for pickpockets
Sir Robert Peele - capital crimes decreased from 200+ (1822) → 4 crimes (1841)
Which act created transportation?
when was transportation to America used? how many convicts were sent to America?
when was Australia discovered?
1717 Transportation Act
Transportation to America - 1718 → 1776
30,000 convicts sent to America
1770 - Australia discovered
When was transportation to Australia used?
how many convicts were sent to Australia?
describe the first voyage to Australia
transportation to Australia - 1787 - 1868
162,000+ convicts sent to australia
7,000 convicts sent to australia in 1833
1st voyage - May 1787
11 ships
736 convicts
9 month voyage
40 died
what rewards could convicts get?
rewards
Certificate of freedom
absolute/conditional pardon
ticket of leave
what enquiry/person contributed to the end of transportation?
1838 parliament enquiry → found transport to be ineffective
Sir William Molesworth → argued against transportation
what period were Houses of correction used? when was Bridewell created?
how many people were debtors in prisons pre C19th?
houses of Correction → Tudor Period
1553 - Bridewell created
pre C19th - 59% prisoners were debtors
What did John Howard do in 1773?
What did the 1776 survey show?
When did he write a book? What was it called?
1773 - became High sheriff of Bedfordshire & supervised county jail
1773 - gave evidence before a committee and made 4 suggestions
1776 survey - showed ¼ of prisoners committed serious crimes
1777 - book “The state of the prisons in England and Wales”
what bills were created by John Howards impact?
Gaol fever bill (ineffective)
Got rid of the jail release fee
what book did sir GO Paul write?
what association did Elizabeth Fry form?
GO Paul - ‘alarming process of Jail Fever’
Elizabeth Fry - association for the improvement of women prisoners
What act improved the conditions of prisons?
1823 Gaols act
when was the separate system popular?
give one example of a separate system prison
what incidents of bad mental health was there in Pentonville prison?
Separate system - 1840s
1850 - 50+ separate system prisons
most famous separate system prison = Pentonville
Pentonville:
3 suicides
22 went mad
26 breakdowns
when was the silent system popular?
What features were there of a silent system prison?
silent system - popular in 1860s
silent system features:
continuous treadmill
oakum picking
turning a continuous crank
shot drills
what did the 1865 Prisons act implement?
what act nationalised prisons?
1865 Prisons act
hard labour
hard fare
hard board
1877 Prisons Act - Nationalised prisons under gov rule
when were borstals set up and abolished? What age group did they have?
When was the young offenders institute formed? how many hours of education do they have to do per week?
Borstals established in 1908
Borstals abolished in 1982
For 15 - 21
Young offenders institute formed 1988 - inmates have education for 25hrs/week
when id open prisons become popular?
How many prisoners escaped ford open prison?
When was the 1st prison to become women only?
How has the number of prisoners increased in the C20th - C21st?
prisons became popular post WWII
2006 - 70 prisoners escaped Ford Open Prisons
1903 → Holloway Prison became women only
48,000 (1985) → 83,000 + (2012) prisoners
when was __ introduced?
Probation
suspended sentence
parole
community service
electronic tagging
probation = 1907
suspended sentence = 1967
parole = 1967
community service = 1972
electronic tagging = 1990s
when was the death penalty voted to be abolished?
When was the death penalty actually abolished?
1948 & 1956 → death penalty voted to be abolished
1965 Murder (abolition of DP) act trialled for 5 years
1969 - death penalty abolished
What controversial cases were there surrounding the death penalty?
When was each person given the death penalty?
Derek Bentley → 28th January 1953
Timothy Evans → March 1950
Ruth Ellis → July 1955
How many MPs voted against Derek Bentley’s death penalty sentence?
when were Derek Bentley and Timothy Evans pardoned?
200 MPs voted against Derek Bentley’s sentence
Derek Bentley - pardoned in 1998
Timothy Evans - pardoned in 1966
where was smuggling most popular?
suxess
how often did the castle walls need to be replaced?
castle walls replaced in 1756,1757,1768,1772,1776,1795,1807
(7 times between 1756→1807)
How many prisoners were transported to Australia from Lincoln?
1,200 convicts
What was John Howards involvement with Lincoln Goal/Prison?
Why was this important?
Lincoln Prison was included in John Howard’s 1777 “state of prisons book’
described the bad qualities for criminals
‘a little short straw on the floors: both dungeons offensive”
His criticisms were acted on very quickly as he helped raise money to begin construction of the 1787 Georgian Prison
How did the Georgian prison dress John Howards concerns?
went some way to address issues of pay, sanitation and seperation, but otherwise little else was done
only took until Robert Peele to push forward the ideas of reform
what was added into the Georgian Prison to make it better?
1820 - new exercise yard (debtors yard)
had ash privies in yards
Washroom and infirmary added
separate exercise yards for male and female prisoners
how was the victorian prison designed?
H shaped building
enclosed exercise yards
separate system (introduced by Joshua Jebb)
very good sewage system
Male and female cells placed on separate landings
each prisoner had their won cell
well ventilated
had own toilet & sink
slept on a hammock
arrangement of cells around a central landing was similar to Panopticon design
what were cells like in the Georgian prison during the C19th?
prisoners could pay for better rooms
men had a grill over a hole for a fire
female debtors had fireplaces and a cupboard
how was the chapel in the victorian prison designed?
based on separate system
each prisoner had their own stall → couldn’t see or speak to each other
system which would lock all doors at once
daily visits not optional
if you were jewish/catholic a rabbi/priest would visit you in the cell
Chaplain spoke from pulpit
back of the chapel had the condemned (those who were to be hung)
female prisoners in the front
how did executions change at Lincoln castle gaol?
originally done outside the castle walls → pub called the ‘strugglers inn’
executions hd a big audience → 15,000 people watching
execution in the Cobb hall gallows (short drop) - 38 executed this way from 1817 → 1859
Lincoln first site of new type of execution - “long drop” by Marwood
1868 - hanging took place inside Cobb hall, with 4 executions between 1866 → 1877
1877 - HMP Lincoln carried on executions
when did HMP Lincoln become male only?
1900
why was the separated/silent system never fully implemented?
separate - concerns about mental health, overcrowding
Silent - running cost was too much
what were some important parliamentary legislations passed that impacted the Lincoln castle jail?
1835 Prisons act
set up inspections → action taken
made the 1823 Gaol act effective
1839 Prisons Act
led to the building on the Victorian prison in 1847
led to separate system (even though never fully implemented)
1877 Prisoners Act
gave control of prisons to the home secretary
allowed implementation of uniform system
led to the closure of the Victorian Prison
what were some important parliamentary legislations passed that impacted the Lincoln castle jail? (capital punishment)
1868 Homicide act
moved hanging to take place inside Cobb hall
1948 criminal Justice act
Stoped executions for 5 years
Note 
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