structures and orbitals

What is at the centre of the atom?

A positively charged nucleus

A negatively charged electron cloud

Is the nucleus of an atom positively or negatively charged?

Positively

Is the electron cloud positively or negatively charged?

Negatively

How are covalent bonds formed?

When atoms share a electron

What gives elements thier characteristics

Electrons

What is physical chemistry

Applying maths and physics to the world around us

What is homogenous matter

Has the same composition throughout

What is heterogenous matter

Has uniform composition (different composition throughout)

What is the order of density?

Solid

Liquid

Gas

What substance has the most energy and why

Gas because it’s molecules more more freely

What are gels, vapours, emulsions and foams examples of

Mixtures of matter

What is meant by the physical properties of a substance?

Characteristics we can observe without changing the substances identity

What are examples of physical properties?

Colour

Temperature

Density

Why is meant by a chemical property

Ability of a substance to change into another substance

Describe and endothermic reaction

Bonds are broken which requires energy

Describe an exothermic reaction

Bonds are made and energy is released

Difference between mixtures sand compounds

Separation

Mixtures can be separated by physical methods

Compounds can’t be seperated by physical methods

Difference between mixtures and compounds

Composition

Mixtures composition varies

Compounds composition is set making the molecular formula

Difference between mixtures and compounds

Properties

Mixtures properties relate to their compounds

Compounds properties are unlike thier components

How are atoms electrically neutral?

They have equal numbers of protons and elecrtrons

What is the number of electrons the same as

The number of protons

What’s the charge of the nucleus of an atom

Positive

What is the charge of the electron cloud

Negative

Can the number of electrons be used to identify an atom

No because they are not constant

What is an orbital?

A region where there is a high probability of finding an electrons

Where is an orbital found

In the electron cloud

What do the letters S,P,D,F

Sharp

Principle

Diffuse

Fundamental

Heinsberg uncertainty principle

The position of an electron cannot be measured as they are

Constantly moving

Balmer emission spectrums

Lines viewed in the visible part of the spectrum (visible light )

Lyman series of emission

Lines viewed in the ultra violet part of the spectrum

UV light

Paschen emission spectrum

Lines viewed in infrared part of spectrum (IR light)

What state is the lower energy level

Ground

What is it called when an electron goes for on ground state to extend state

Exitation

What’s it called when an electron goes from an exited state to a ground state

Relaxation

S sublayer

• spherical

• Only ine orbital

P sublyer

• 3 versions

• Dumbbell Shape

• 3 orbital degeneracy

• Greater energy than s

D sublayer

• 5 versions

• -more complicated and compact

• All 5 have Ewell energy

• Greater energy than p. And s

F sublayer

• 7 versions

• More complex and compact

• Equal verge degenerate

• Greatest energy

If the last configuration is 2P2 what does this mean

2nd period

P block

2nd group

Lewis structure

Tells you how many electrons are in the electron configuration

• doesn’t shoe hoe many subshells

Bohor model

Shows how many subshells there are

Valency

• metals

• non metal s

• Nobel gases (group8 )

Metals - how many species are filled

Non metals - how many are not filled

Group 8 - always 0