Human Physiology: Introduction to Physiology & Homeostasis

These flashcards cover key concepts in human physiology, emphasizing homeostasis, cells, tissues, and organ systems.

Homeostasis

The process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival.

Atom

The basic unit of a chemical element, primarily consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Macromolecule

Large complex molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, essential for life.

Organelle

Specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, such as mitochondria or the nucleus.

Cell

The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, which can exist independently.

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform a specific function together within an organism.

Organ

A collection of tissues that work together to perform a specific function within an organism.

Organ System

A group of organs that work together to perform complex functions necessary for life.

Organelle types

Includes mitochondria, nucleus, lysosome, and others, each with unique roles in cell function.

Endocrine System

The collection of glands that produce hormones to regulate various body functions.

Skeletal Muscle

A type of muscle tissue that is under voluntary control and moves bones.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart that is responsible for pumping blood.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in the walls of hollow organs that helps move substances through the body.

Nervous System

The network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.

Immune System

The body's defense system against infectious organisms and other invaders.

Insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates glucose levels in the blood.

Glucose

A simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms.

Negative Feedback

A mechanism that counteracts a change in a physiological variable to maintain homeostasis.

Respiratory System

The system responsible for gas exchange, primarily involving the lungs, trachea, and bronchi.

Exercise

Physical activity that increases heart rate and energy consumption, beneficial for health.

Adaptation

The process by which organisms adjust to changes in their environment over time.

Digestion

The process of breaking down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body.

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound.

Superorganism

A term describing the complex interaction between an organism and the microbes living in and on it.

Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that forms protective barriers and is involved in secretion and absorption.