Internal Review and Practice Flashcards: Exam 4

These vocabulary flashcards cover key concepts in neuropsychology, clinical psychology, ethics, industrial-organizational psychology, and developmental psychology based on the lecture notes.

Hypothalamus

A brain structure whose functions include maintaining a constant body temperature and producing oxytocin.

Basal ganglia

A brain region associated with movements; abnormalities in this area have been linked to symptoms of Tourette's D/O.

Medulla oblongata

Plays a role in the regulation of respiration and cardiovascular functioning.

Hippocampus

Responsible for transferring short-term memories to long-term memories; stress-induced increases in cortisol levels here can impair declarative memory retrieval.

Cerebellum

The brain structure responsible for procedural memories.

Anterior cingulate cortex

Reduced volume in this brain region is linked with depression.

Mindfulness-based therapy (MBT)

Therapy research generally finds it is more effective for treating psychological disorders than physical/medical conditions.

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A condition characterized by memory impairment linked to damage to the thalamus and mammillary bodies.

Provisional Tic Disorder

A diagnosis provided when motor tics have been present for less than one year (e.g., nine months).

Gender confirmation surgery outcomes

Research indicates a significant decrease in gender dysphoria symptoms, with transgender male patients experiencing somewhat better outcomes.

Factor loading shared variability

Calculated by squaring the factor loading; for example, a loading of $0.30$ means $9\%$ (or $0.09$) of variability is explained ($0.30^{2} = 0.09$).

Interpersonal therapy (IPT)

A therapy approach that views depression as a medically based condition.

Affective commitment

The type of organizational commitment that is the best predictor of a variety of job outcomes.

Therapeutic index (TI)

A quantitative measure of drug safety calculated by the formula $\frac{LD_{50}}{ED_{50}}$ (Lethal Dose 50 divided by Effective Dose 50).

Item characteristic curve (ICC) y-axis intercept

The point on the curve indicating the probability of choosing the correct answer to an item by guessing alone.

Freud's latency stage

The developmental stage that corresponds in age to Erikson's industry versus inferiority stage.

Diffusion tensor imaging

A neuroimaging technique used specifically to study abnormalities in the brain’s white matter.

WPPSI-IV age range

The assessment is appropriate for examinees between the ages of $2:6$ and $7:7$.

Disulfiram (Antabuse)

A treatment for alcohol use disorder that causes nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and confusion when taken with alcohol.

Implosive therapy

A treatment combining exposure in imagination and psychodynamic techniques.

Moro reflex

A reflex in one-month-old babies occurring when they are startled by a loud noise or sudden movement.

80% (four-fifths) rule

A rule used to determine if a selection test is having an adverse impact.

Differential reinforcement

An intervention that combines positive reinforcement and operant extinction.

Encoding specificity hypothesis

Proposes that forgetting is caused by inadequate retrieval cues.

Unique outcome

In narrative family therapy, a time when a problem was expected to occur but did not occur.

R-PAS clarification phase

The stage of the Rorschach Performance Assessment System used to obtain information needed to accurately code responses.

Transdiagnostic adaptation of emotion-focused therapy

A model developed by Timulak and Keogh (2020) that targets chronic painful emotions.

Infant babbling

Initially includes sounds from all languages but narrows to the infant's native language sounds by about 4 months of age.

Internal working models

Mental representations of early relationships with caregivers, as described by Bowlby (1980).

Herzberg’s (1966) two-factor theory

Predicts that job enrichment is the best way to increase job motivation and satisfaction.

99% confidence interval for predicted scores

Calculated as the predicted score plus and minus three standard errors of estimate ($3 \times SE_{est}$).

Rancho Scale Level X

On the Scale of Cognitive Functioning, the level where a person is alert, oriented, and functions independently but may need extra time.

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's concept defined by the difference between a child’s independent performance and performance with assistance.

Schizophrenia prognosis factors

Better prognosis is associated with female gender, late onset of symptoms, and comorbid mood symptoms.

Protein synthesis blockers

Drugs that, when given during new information acquisition, interfere with long-term memory but not short-term memory.

Acrostic method

A mnemonic device (e.g., 'on old Olympus towering top…') used to remember the 12 cranial nerves.

Marginalization

An acculturation strategy where an individual rejects both their own minority culture and the dominant majority culture.

Leiter-3

An assessment that includes subtests for attention, memory, visualization, and reasoning.

Synchrony effect

The finding that older adults perform better on cognitive tasks in the morning, while younger adults perform better later in the day.

Strong Interest Inventory (SII)

Includes the General Occupational Themes scale which provides scores on Holland’s themes, excluding the 'scientific' category.

Split-plot ANOVA

A statistical analysis used when a study has one between-subjects and one within-subjects independent variable.

Gain-loss effect

The phenomenon where attraction is greatest toward people who initially disliked us but grew to like us.

Paralanguage

Variations in tone, rhythm, volume, and stress used to express emotions and clarify verbal communication.

Schizophreniform disorder

A diagnosis for schizophrenic symptoms (hallucinations, disorganized speech) lasting at least one month but less than six months.

Exosystem

The level of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory that includes legal and social services.

Consensual observer drift

A phenomenon that tends to artificially increase a measure’s inter-rater reliability.

Agranulocytosis

A serious side effect most likely associated with the antipsychotic drug clozapine.

Face validity

The extent to which test items appear relevant to job performance to the test-taker.

Attitude inoculation hypothesis

McGuire’s theory that resistance to persuasion is built by exposure to weak counterarguments followed by refutations.

Sleeper effect

The phenomenon where people remember a persuasive message over time but forget its source.

Asomatognosia

A condition, often following a stroke, where a person denies ownership of their own limb.

Tower of London

A test used to assess problem-solving and planning abilities, specifically in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Canonical correlation

A statistical technique used to determine the relationship between two sets of multiple variables (predictors and outcomes).

Conversion disorder

A diagnosis for physical symptoms (like vision loss) that have no medical explanation and are not intentionally produced.

Trace decay theory

A theory contradicted by research showing people recall information better after sleep than after an unrelated activity while awake.

Criterion contamination

Occurs when a supervisor's knowledge of an employee's initial selection test scores biases their performance ratings.

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Selye's model of stress consisting of three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.

Autoplastic interventions

Interventions designed to change the individual to help them adapt to their environment.

Hardiness (3 C's)

A personality construct consisting of control, commitment, and challenge.

Actor-observer effect

The tendency to attribute one's own behavior to situational factors and others' behaviors to dispositional factors.

Specificity

The ability of a test to correctly identify individuals who do not have a condition (true negatives).

Helms’ contact stage

The stage of White identity development where an individual is oblivious to racial issues and holds a culture-neutral perspective.

Kirkpatrick’s results level

The most informative level of training program evaluation according to his four-level model.

Sensitization

The initial stage in Troiden’s (1989) homosexual identity development model.

Overlearning

The practice of continuing to rehearse newly acquired skills beyond the point of mastery.

Worker-oriented job analysis

A process conducted to identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAOs) required for successful job performance.

Indifference reaction

A likely emotional response following damage to the right (non-dominant) cerebral hemisphere.