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What are the formal (constitutional) powers of the President?
Commander-in-Chief of the military, grant pardons and reprieves, make treaties (with Senate approval), appoint federal officials (with Senate confirmation), veto legislation, deliver the State of the Union address.
What informal powers does the President hold?
Executive orders, executive agreements, signing statements, use of the bully pulpit to shape public opinion, setting legislative agenda.
What role does the President serve as Chief Executive?
Enforces laws and oversees the federal bureaucracy.
What power allows Congress to override a presidential veto?
A 2/3 vote in both chambers.
How can the Senate check the President's power?
The Senate confirms appointments and treaties.
What is the War Powers Act (1973)?
A law that limits the President's ability to engage in military action without congressional approval.
What is the significance of Federalist No. 70?
It argues for a strong, energetic executive to ensure accountability and swift decision-making.
What methods of communication does the President use?
Traditional media (press conferences), modern media (social media), and the bully pulpit.
What is discretionary authority in the bureaucracy?
The power of bureaucratic agencies to interpret and implement vague laws passed by Congress.
What is the rulemaking process for agencies?
Congress passes a law. 2. Agencies create detailed regulations. 3. Public comment period. 4. Final rules are published and enforced.
How can the President hold the bureaucracy accountable?
Through executive orders directing agencies and appointing/removing agency heads.
What is the role of interest groups in influencing public policy?
They engage in lobbying and public campaigns to sway government decisions.
What is the function of the Judicial Branch regarding the bureaucracy?
Courts can rule agency actions unconstitutional.
Define the role of the Chief Diplomat.
Directs foreign policy and negotiates treaties.
What is the primary role of the Chief Legislator?
Influences lawmaking and exercises veto power.
What is the U.S. Constitution?
The supreme law of the United States that outlines the national framework of government.
What is the Bill of Rights?
The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution that guarantee individual liberties and rights.
What does Amendment 12 to the Constitution address?
It establishes the procedure for electing the President and Vice President.
What does Amendment 22 to the Constitution limit?
The number of terms a person can serve as President to a maximum of two.
What is the main argument in Brutus I?
It argues against the ratification of the Constitution, fearing it would lead to a centralized government that threatens individual liberties.
What is Federalist No. 10 about?
It warns against the dangers of factions and advocates for a large republic to mitigate their effects.
What is the focus of Federalist No. 51?
It emphasizes the importance of checks and balances within government to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
What does Federalist No. 70 advocate for?
A strong executive leader for effective governance and accountability in the presidency.
What are the key principles in the Declaration of Independence?
It proclaims the colonies' right to independence and outlines principles of individual rights and government by consent.
What was the Articles of Confederation?
The first governing document of the United States that established a weak federal government, replaced by the Constitution.
