Health Psych: Exam 2 (2, 3, 4, 9)

A risk factor is any characteristics or condition that

occurs with a higher frequency in people with a disease than in people free from that disease

A statistical technique for combining the results of several studies is

meta-analysis

A study examined two groups of people-those who were exercising and those who weren’t and examined their past history to try to understand why some people currently exercise whereas other do not. This is an example of what type of correlational design?

Retrospective study

Although causality is difficult to determine, which scientific method most strongly yields evidence for cause-and-effect relationships?

Experimental design

An inactive substance or condition that has the appearance of the independent variable and that may cause participants in an experiment to improve or change behavior due to their belief is called

a placebo

Observational methods in epidemiology are most closely related to which psychology method?

Correlational studies

Prevalence of an illness refers to

the proportion of the population that has a disease at a specific time

The Alameda Country study is an example of

a prospective design

A positive correlation between physical health and education would indicate that as _________, physical health ____________

increases; increases

A study that begins with a group of participants who already have a disease is most likely to be

a retrospective study

A study that follows the history of overweight male participants over a 30-year period would be

a longitudinal study

After tobacco companies argued that cigarette smoking had never been proven to cause lung cancer or heart disease in humans, how did epidemiological researchers establish such a casual relationship?

They established it by doing inferring from overwhelming evidence and all seven criteria being met

Cross-sectional studies

compare different age groups or developmental periods

Dr. Jonas is conducting a single-blind experimental study with participants to investigate a medical procedure’s effectiveness. What is true about this research?

Dr. Jonas will need to establish the same expectancies for all the participants for control

In an experiment design that investigates the effects of weight loss on heart rate in middle-aged men, the dependent variable would be

heart rate

In order for epidemiologists to infer that Behavior A cause Disease B, they must observe

all of these relationships between variables exist

The branch of medicine that investigates factors contributing to the occurence of diseases wirhin a population is

epidemiology

The CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) guidelines are designed to keep researchers from:

suppressing trial results not supporting a treatment

When scores on two administrations of the same test are in close agreement, then the test is

reliable

_____ is an individual's perceptions of how much control one has over one's behavior, and is one factor that determines intentions in the theory of planned behavior.

Perceived behavioral control

_____ refer(s) to people's confidence that they can perform a behavior to produce a desired outcome in a particular situation.

Self-efficacy

_______ methods for improving adherence increase knowledge; however, ______ approaches have been shown to increase adherence.

Educational; behavioral

__________ refers to specific plans that individuals can make that identify what, where, when, and how they will engage in a health behavior.

Implementation intentions

In operant conditioning, "positive" means something is presented, and "negative" means something is removed. Though part of operant conditioning techniques, ________ is rarely used to modify non-adherent health behaviors.

positive punishment

Taking anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin lowers the risk for CVD because

anti-inflammatory drugs reduce inflammation, which is a risk for CVD

What is the system that consists of the heart, arteries, and veins?

Immune

Which ethnic group has the highest risk for cardiovascular death?

African Americans

______ carry oxygenated blood from the heart to various parts of the body, whereas ______ moves deoxygenated blood toward the heart.

Arteries; veins

The decline in deaths from cardiovascular disease during the last four decades of the 20th century was due to

a combination of all of these; better dietary, reduction in smoking, improvements in medical care

According to survey research, most people _______ the genetic risk factors for cancer.

overestimate

All cancer tumors are

all of these; malignant, neoplastic, invasive

Exposure to the human papillomavirus (HPV) increases risk for ____ and ____ cancer.

cervical; oral

Inherited genetic mutations are most likely to lead to which kinds of cancers?

Cancers of both the reproductive and digestive systems

Metastasis refers to

the spread of malignancy across body parts.

What are the structures, functions and disorders of the cardiovascular system?

What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

How does lifestyle relate to cardiovascular health?

What behaviors allow people to lower their cardiovascular health?

What is cancer?

Cancer is a group of disease characterized by the presence of new cells that grow and spread beyond control. There are many types of cancer such as Neoplastic, Benign, and Malignant.

Are cancer death rates increasing or decreasing?

Death rates for cancer declined during the 1990s. Cancers with decreasing death rates are lung, breasts, prostate, colon/rectum. Cancers with increasing death rates are liver cancer, melanoma, esophageal cancer, and lung cancer (increase for women, decrease for men).

What are the inherent and environmental risks for cancer?

Inherent:

• Ethnic background (Ex: African americans

Environmental:

What are the behavioral risk factors for cancer?

How can cancer patients be helped in coping with their disease?

What are the criteria’s for determining causation between a condition and a disease?

1. 1. A dose-response relationship exists between the condition and the disease

2. 2. Removal of the condition reduces the prevalence or incidence of the disease

3. 3. The conditions precedes the disease

4. 4. A cause-and-effect relationship between the condition and the disease is physiologically plausible

5. 5. Relevant research data consistently reveal a relationship between the condition and the disease

6. 6. The strength of the relationship between the condition and the disease is relatively high

7. 7. Studies revealing a relationship between the condition and the disease are well designed

Research by Sheldon Cohen and colleagues correlated individuals' responses to symptoms with the Big Five personality traits. They found people scoring high in which trait more likely to seek medical care?

Neuroticism

Lazarou and colleagues (1998) conducted a meta-analysis of research into adverse drug reactions. What did they find about deaths from prescription drugs?

​These deaths were despite proper prescription and dosing.

Malone has been in the hospital for 2 weeks due to injuries from an automobile crash. Because he is hospitalized, he does not have to work; he receives three healthy meals a day; and most of his normal, everyday decisions are made for him. In such circumstances, Malone will probably

experience more stress than usual

Margaret finds a lump in her breast but delays seeking medical attention because she is worried it might be breast cancer. According to Leventhal, Margaret is worried about the

consequences of her disease

Medical errors cause some deaths in the United States. Research suggests that deaths from medical errors per year​

may exceed 98,000 by some reports

Of all ethnic groups, _____ are the most likely to report a visit to a physician.

European Americans

Patty and Selma both experience upper abdominal pain. Patty believes hers is from indigestion; Selma believes hers is from a heart condition. What is the most likely outcome?

Selma will seek medical care first for a condition perceived as more severe.

People experiencing high levels of stress are _____ likely to report symptoms and ______ likely to have their symptoms acknowledged as indicating a disease.

more; less

Sandra has Crohn's disease, which can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms. According to research findings, if Sandra is typical of most people, which factor will make her most likely to see a doctor?

If she is sufficiently anxious about coping with the symptoms

Tammy discovers a lump in her breast, but puts off calling a doctor. According to research by Leventhal, which is the LEAST likely reason she procrastinates?​

​She does not recognize this as a cancer symptom.

The "nonperson" treatment that hospital patients experience arises from​

the requirement that patients follow hospital routine.

What did a 2009 study reveal about the cost of medical care in the United States?​

​More than half of people filing bankruptcy did so due to medical costs.

What is possible about adverse outcomes from not having health insurance in America today?

​It may reduce care quality and raise costs for the insured.

Which factor influencing interactions between a patient and medical practitioner do your text authors describe as possibly the most important?​

The verbal communication between them

Which of the following is most likely unable to fulfill the sick role aspect of being dependent on others for assistance when s/he is ill?

A single mother caring for several children

Why did Lance Armstrong put off seeking medical care for the symptoms he noticed?​

​He was in denial that he was sick and ignored the pain.

To help people 65 years old and older, the United States Congress established

Medicare

Which of these industrialized nations has the greatest restrictions on access to health care?

the United States

Women are more likely than men to seek health care, possibly because

​they may be more sensitive to their internal body status.