Theoretical Models of Personality Development & Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Oral Stage

birth-18 months

a stage in Freud's psychosexual development where an infant's pleasure centers on the mouth

Anal Stage

18 months- 3 years

a stage in Freud's psychosexual development where pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder control, leading to the development of a sense of order and control.

Phallic Stage

3-6 years

a stage in Freud's psychosexual development where the child's pleasure centers on the genitals and the awareness of gender differences.

Latent Stage

6-12 years

a stage in Freud's psychosexual development where sexual feelings are repressed, allowing for the development of social skills and relationships.

Genital Stage

13+ years

a stage in Freud's psychosexual development where individuals seek mature sexual relationships and experience a resurgence of sexual interests.

Trust vs Mistrust

0-18 months

Attachment to caregivers

Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

18 months - 3 years

development of self-control and confidence

Initiative vs Guilt

3- 6 years

sense of purpose and initiative in actions

Industry vs Inferiority

6-12 years

building confidence through learning and tasks

Identity vs Role Confusion

13-20+ years

integration of previous stages into a secure self

Ego Integrity vs Despair

65+ years

reflecting on life with a positive sense of self

Mahler’s Object Relations Theory

Separating from parent or parents

Phase I: Autism

birth- 1 month

infant focused on basic needs

Phase II: symbiosis

1-5 month

Infant and caregiver symbiotic relationship

Phase III: Separation- individuation

5-36 months

Differentiation, practicing, rapprochement, and consolidation

Piaget’s Cognitive Development

Intelligence as psychological adaptation to the environment

Kohlberg’s Moral Development

Motivation behind behaviors determines stage of moral development

Sullivan’s Interpersonal Theory

Behavior and personality result from interpersonal relationships

Major components: Anxiety, satisfaction of needs, interpersonal security, self-system

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Basic needs must be met before higher-level psychological and self-fulfillment needs