I miss Mr. Justin but I still have an exam next week so i gotta lock in

Budi Utomo

First modern political organization (1908) focused on education and culture for Javanese elite: marked the start of Indonesian nationalism and the shift from regional to organized, modern resistance, linking to the broader Struggle for Independence topic.

Capitalism

Major part in Dutch Colonialism, was rejected by Sukarno during the Cold War as he opted for his own economic system: NASAKOM, and was embraced by Suharto in the New Order but was corrupted by Nepotism which was exposed during the Financial Crisis which triggered the riots which led to Suharto's collapse.

Cold War

Global geopolitical tension between the US (Capitalism) and the USSR (Communism) after WWII: deeply influenced Sukarno and Suharto's differing foreign policies, and its anti-communist paranoia was the backdrop for the Indonesian mass killings of 1965-1966.

Colonialism

Control by one power over a dependent area or people: refers to the 300+ years of Dutch rule that the independence struggle fought to overthrow, forming the foundation of the exam topic Indonesian Republic Until Today.

Communism

Political and economic doctrine aiming for a classless, state-controlled society: became a major political force (PKI) under Sukarno (as part of NASAKOM) and was the central enemy ideology of the Order Baru/New Order, justifying the 1965-1966 mass killings.

Corruption

Dishonest conduct by those in power: rampant under the New Order (KKN), it created a major social and economic cost and was a primary trigger for the 1997 Financial Crisis and the May 1998 Riot.

Guided Democracy

Sukarno's political system (1959-1966) where power was centralized and political parties were suppressed: the antithesis to Parliamentary Democracy, it increased internal tension leading to the 1965 coup attempt and is a required comparison topic with the New Order.

Human Rights

Universal, inalienable rights: their violation was a key criticism of the New Order era (e.g., 1965-66 killings), representing the cost of the stability achieved under Suharto.

Independence

Freedom from external control: formally declared on August 17, 1945, making it the defining goal of the entire period covered by the exam and the first major event.

Inflation

A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money: was cripplingly high under Guided Democracy, and its control/reduction was an early, critical economic success and defining policy of the Order Baru/New Order.

Non-aligned nations

States not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc (US/USSR) during the Cold War: established Indonesia's independent foreign policy (Bebas Aktif), as championed by Sukarno at the 1955 Asia Africa Conference.

NASAKOM

Sukarno's political concept to unify Nasionalisme, Agama (Religion), and Komunisme (Communism): controversial to the West and ultimately failed, its internal conflicts were a major cause of the 1965 crisis and the mass killings.

Nepotism

Favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs: a core component of KKN that contributed to the wealth gap and public discontent during the New Order, directly fueling the political instability that led to the May 1998 Riot.

Order Baru/New Order

Suharto's regime (1966-1998): characterized by political stability, economic development, and suppression of opponents; its successes and costs are the subject of two separate Long Answer prompts.

Pancasila

Indonesia's state philosophy/five founding principles: used by both Sukarno and Suharto as the ideological basis for national unity, providing a common ground for a diverse population and serving as a tool to suppress political opposition.

Propaganda

Biased or misleading information to promote a political cause: used extensively by the New Order to control public opinion and glorify Suharto, and the exam includes an entire section dedicated to its OPVL analysis.

Socialism

Political/economic theory favoring community/state ownership of production: heavily influenced Sukarno's early economic and political thought, favoring centralized planning over Western Capitalism.

Sutan Sjahrir

First Prime Minister of Indonesia (1945-47): a key figure in diplomatic efforts, known for his negotiating role with the Dutch (e.g., 1946 Linggadjati Agreement), representing the early diplomatic phase of the struggle for independence.

Transmigration

Government program moving people from densely populated islands (Java) to less populated ones: aimed at reducing poverty and increasing national unity under the New Order, but its challenges included environmental damage and conflict with indigenous peoples.

Konfrontasi Malaysia

Sukarno's policy of conflict (1963-1966) against the formation of Malaysia: an aggressive foreign policy that drew Indonesia closer to Communism (PKI) and led to political instability, ending Sukarno's period of glory.

Supersemar Decree

Letter of instruction (March 11, 1966) giving Suharto the authority to restore order: used to ban the PKI and effectively transfer power from Sukarno to Suharto, making it the legal turning point from Guided Democracy to the New Order.

1997 Financial Crisis

Economic crisis that started in Thailand and spread to Indonesia: exposed the weakness of Suharto's KKN-based economy, leading to massive public suffering and directly precipitating the end of the New Order era.

May 1998 Riot

Mass protests, violence, and looting in Jakarta and other cities: the culmination of political and economic discontent that directly resulted in President Suharto's resignation, initiating the Reformasi (Reformation) era.

Indonesian mass killings of 1965-1966

Anti-communist purges following the alleged G30S coup: led by the Army, it was a period of unprecedented violence that cemented the New Order's power, eliminated the PKI, and defined the first two decades of the regime.

1945 Declaration of Independence

August 17, 1945: The official proclamation of the Republic of Indonesia, triggering the subsequent physical and diplomatic struggle against the Dutch.

1946 Linggadjati Agreement

Agreement between the Dutch and the newly formed Republic: Dutch recognized the Republic's authority over Java and Sumatra; though it failed, it was a major step in international diplomatic recognition.

1949 Dutch Recognition of Independence

Achieved at the Round Table Conference: The Dutch formally transferred sovereignty to Indonesia, effectively ending the physical struggle for independence.

1955 Asia Africa Conference

Hosted in Bandung: Cemented Indonesia's role as a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement and established its Bebas Aktif (Active/Free) foreign policy.

1963 Konfrontasi Malaysia

Sukarno's policy of conflict against Malaysia: An aggressive policy that drained the economy and heightened internal political conflict, eventually contributing to the chaos of 1965.