Pathology Exam Final IP7

What is the primary characteristic of congestive heart failure?

Vascular congestion and edema fluid within tissues and acvities

Congestive heart failure is defined by __________ and the accumulation of edema in tissues and body cavities. This is distinct from acute heart failure.

vascular congestion

Congestive heart failure is distinct from _______, which may result in sudden death or intermittent symptoms like syncope

acute heart failure

Which of the following is a common finding in chronic left-sided heart failure?

Pulmonary edema and hemosiderin-laden macrophages in alveoli

_____________ is associated with pulmonary congestion, edema, and the presence of hemosiderin-laden macrophages (or “heart failure cells”) in the alveoli, resulting from diapedesis of red blood cells into the pulmonary spaces.

chronic left-sided heart failure

What condition is defined as right heart failure secondary to pulmonary disease?

cor pulmonale

Cor pulmonale is specifically defined as _________ caused by pulmonary diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dirofilariasis, or pulmonary thromboembolism.

right-sided heart failure

List the compensatory mechanisms employed by the body in response to decreased cardiac output.

• Redistribution of blood flow

• Increased peripheral resistance.

• Increased myocardial contractility

  • Venular constriction

T/F: Venular dilation is a NOT a compensatory mechanism employed by the body in response to decreased cardiac output.

true

Venular _______, not dilation is a compensatory response aimed at maintaining blood pressure and perfusion during heart failure.

constriction

Increased myocardial contractility, redistribution of blood flow, and increased peripheral resistance are among the mechanisms the body uses to temporarily boost _________

cardiac output

What are clinical signs most indicative of right sided heart failure?

• jugular distension

• ascites

• brisket edema

___________ results in systemic venous congestion, leading to signs like jugular distension, ascites, brisket edema, and peripheral edema.

Right sided heart failure

_______________ results in pulmonary symptoms like dyspnea and cough.

left-sided heart failure

Which of the following best describes the condition of heart failure?

A situation in which compensatory mechanisms are exhausted, and the heart cannot meet the body’s demands.

Heart failure is not a specific disease, but rather a _____ where compensatory mechanisms fail, leading to diminished cardiac output or venous blood backup, or both. This highlights the multifactorial nature of the condition.

syndrome

What is the term diminished cardiac output in heart failure?

Forward failure

“Forward failure” refers to the heart’s inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs, resulting in reduced __________. Key feature of heart failure.

cardiac output

T/F: Increased blood oxygenation levels is a mechanism by which the heart can fail as a pump?

false

While decreased contractility, reduced compliance, and dysrhythmias can impair the _______________, increased blood oxygenation levels are not a contributing factor of heart failure

hearts pump function

List the mechanisms by which the heart can fail as a pump

• decreased myocardial contractility

• Decreased distensibility

• Dysrhythmia

What characterizes “backward failure” in the context of heart failure?

Blood backup in the venous system.

“Backward failure” is characterized by _____________ due to the inability of the heart to efficiently pump blood forward, leading to damming back of blood in the venous system.

venous congestion

What virus is most commonly associated with myocarditis in human patients?

Parvovirus B19

Parvovirus B19 is the most common viral cause of ___________ in humans, leading to direct cardiomyocyte infection and subsequent inflammation.

myocarditis

In dogs, myocarditis due to canine parvovirus infection is most likely to occur at which age?

3 - 8 wks

Canine parvovirus affects puppies with ________________, typically between 3 and 8 weeks of age, causing myocardial necrosis and inflammation. To re-emphasize, the veterinary community sees this manifestation less frequently than it was seen in the early 1980s, when canine parvovirus first emerged.

mitotically active cardiomyocytes

Which infectious agent is implicated in cardiac “blackleg” myocarditis in cattle?

Clostridium chauvoei

Blackleg is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and is characterized by ________ of cardiac tissue, often without other organ involvement.

acute necrosis

When cardiac blackleg occurs, there is often an absence of the more typical ______________ invovlement

appendicular muscular

What is a significant outcome of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) infection in fetal cattle?

Right-sided heart failure and ascites

_______ infection can cause myocarditis and right heart failure, leading to ascites observed postmortem.

Fetal BVD

Which protozoan causes myocarditis and encephalomyelitis in dogs and abortions in cattle?

Neospora caninum

Neospora caninum is a protozoan associated with ____________ in dogs.

• encephalomyelitis

• Myocarditis

Neospora caninum is a protozoan associated with _____________ in cattle

• fetal myocarditis

• abortions

Which bacterial pathogen commonly causes myocarditis in feedlot cattle, often of increased prevalence in Canada?

Histophilus somni

Histophilus somni is a major cause of myocarditis in _________, adhering to endothelial cells and causing necrosis and leakage. Increased geographic prevalence in the Canadian Rockies and Plains.

feedlot cattle

Case: You go out to a farm that has feedlot cattle in the Canadian Rockies to perform a necropsy on a cow. The necropsy shows necrosis and leakage. You suspect Histophilus somni, where would you look to help confirm this diagnosis?

Left papillary muscles.

Which protozoan is the causative agent of Chagas disease, associated with granulomatous myocarditis in dogs?

Trypanosoma cruzi

Trypanosoma cruzi causes ___________, characterized by granulomatous myocarditis in dogs, with encystment in cardiomyocytes.

Chagas disease

How is Sarcocystis cruzi transmitted to cattle?

By ingestion of feces from infected carnivores.

Sarcocystiis cruzi requires a ________ for its life cycle and is transmitted to catle via exposure to infective feces.

definitive carnivore host

What is the primary tissue targeted by Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites after systemic dissemination?

Heart

Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites disseminate to various tissues, including the heart, where they can cause ________

myocarditis.

Which fungal pathogen is most likely to cause myocarditis in disseminated infections?

Coccidioides immitis

_________ is uncommon, but Coccidioides immitis is one of the fungi that can cause myocarditis as part of disseminated disease.

Fungal myocarditis

Which helminth is associated with eosinophilic myocarditis in humans and animals?

Trichinella spiralis

Trichinella spiralis encysts in muscle tissue, including cardiac muscle, eliciting an ________________ response and myocarditis.

eosinophilic inflammatory

Which virus has been experimentally shown to cause myocardial necrosis, mineralization, and minimal inflammation in neonatal dogs?

canine distemper virus

Experimental infection with canine distemper virus in ________ dogs has been shown to produced myocardial necrosis and mineralization with minimal inflammation.

neonatal

Which of the following is true about rhabdomyomas in animals?

They are benign and often incidental findings.

Rhabdomyomas are benign tumors considered ______ and are often incidental findings in animals like pigs and sheep.

hamartomas

T/F: Rhabdomyomas are NOT sarcomas and are NOT limited to Purkinje cells in all species.

True

Which of the following is a hallmark for identifying lymphangiomas?

Absence of erythrocytes in the vascular spaces

The absence of -_______ helps distinguish lymphangiomas from blood vascular tumors.

erythrocytes

What is a common primary site for hemangiosarcoma in dogs?

right atrium

Hemangiosarcomas in dogs frequently arise in the right atrium and may lead to __________ and sudden death.

cardiac tamponade

Which species is known to have a familial incidence of cardiac rhabdomyomas?

Red wattle pigs

Cardiac rhabdomyomas have been observed as early as three weeks after birth in red wattle pigs, indicating _______

familial predisposition

What is a distinguishing feature of chemodectomas in animals?

They often occur at the base of the heart in the brachycephalic breeds.

Chemodectomas, aka ________, are more common in brachycephalic dogs and may cause issues due to local space occupation.

heart base tumors

Which immunohistochemical marker would support a diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma?

Factor VIII

Hemangiosarcomas are of ___________ origin, and Factor VIII is a marker used to identify endothelial cells.

vascular endothelial

What is a common clinical consequence of cardiac hemangiosarcomas in dogs?

Cardiac tamponade due to rupture

Rupture of a hemangiosarcoma in the ______ can lead to cardiac tamponade and sudden death in dogs.

right atrium

Which of the following secondary tumors is the most common in the heart of domestic animals

Lymphosarcoma

Cardiac lymphosarcoma is the most common metastatic tumor of the heart, especially in cases of ______ lymphoma in cattle.

BLV-associated

What histologic feature differentiates rhabdomyosarcoma from the other sarcomas?

Evidence of striations

Rhabdomyosarcomas may show striations, though poorly differentiated forms require ____________ like myoglobin and desmin for confirmation.

immunohistochemical markers

Which tumor is assocaited with abestos exposure and occurs more frequently in serosal surfaces than the pericardium?

mesothelioma

Mesotheliomas, including those of the pericardium, have been linked to ________ exposure and are more common in the pleura and peritoneum

asbestos

Which microscopic finding is required to definitively diagnose vasculitis?

Exudate in the vessel wall itself.

Vasculitis is diagnosed based on the presence of inflammation ______ within the vessel wall, distinguishing it from perivascular inflammation, which only affects surrounding tissues.

(exudate)

Which of the following diseases involves vasculitis due to direct endothelial infection by a virus?

Canine adenovirus 1

Canine adenovirus 1 causes vasculitis by directly infecting ___________ cells, leading to inflammation.

endothelial

In contrast to Canine adenovirus1, _______ is caused by a rickettsial pathogen, and Alabama rote and Strongylus vulgaris are not viral.

heartwater

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of leukoclastic vasculitis?

fragmentation of neutrophil nucli

Leukoclastic vasculitis involves fragmented (necrotic) neutrophil nuclei, a hallmark that distinguishes it from non-leukoplastic vasculitis, where neutrophil nuclei _______

remain intact.

What is the predominant cell type infiltrating blood vessels in rickettsial vasculitis?

lymphocytes and macrohpges

Ricketsial infections cause vasculitis with a predominant infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages, unlike bacterial infections which involve _________ inflammation.

neutrophilic

What is a saddle thrombus?

A clot that forms at a branch point in an artery and obstructs blood flow.

A saddle thrombus is a blood clot that typically forms at the ______ of major arteries, such as the aortic trifurcation, obstructing blood flow to downstream tissues. It is a common sequela in cats with cardiomyopathies.

bifurcation

What is the most common vascular lesion observed in domestic animals?

Arteriosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis, characterized by initial _____ and loss of elasticity, is common in domestic animals, though it is usually not clinically significant. Atherosclerosis, involving fatty degeneration, is rare.

fibrosis

Which factor is NOT associated with the development of atherosclerosis in humans?

Vitamin D intoxication

Vitamin D intoxication is linked to ____. not atherosclerosis. Factors like high cholesterols, smoking and hypertension exacerbate the development of atherosclerosis in humans.

medial calcinosis

List factors that are associated with the development of atherosclerosis in humans?

• High VLDL/LDL cholesterol

• Smoking

• Hypertension

What type of vascular lesion is characterized by the separation of arterial walls due to blood flow entering the media?

Dissecting aneurysm

A dissecting aneurysm involves a tear in the intima that allows blood to dissect through the media, separating arterial layers and often leading to __________

catastrophic failure

Which of the following is a common vascular lesion associated with Strongylus vulgaris in horses?

Aneurysm of the anterior mesenteric artery.

Strongylus vulgaris infection is linked to aneurysms or non-lethal dilation of the anterior messenteric artery due to vascular damage and inflammation caused by _________

migrating larvae

In dogs, what underlying condition predisposes them to atherosclerosis?

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism in dogs promotes _________, which predisposed them to atherosclerosis. However, canine atheromas differ from human plaques in their location and clinical impact.

hypercholesterolemia

Which vascular lesion is the hallmark of mulberry heart disease in pigs?

Fibrinoid necrosis

Fibrinoid necrosis, characterized by polymerization of fibrin and leakage of plasma proteins into the vessel wall, is the key vascular lesion in ___________ in pigs.

mulberry heart disease

Which vessel contains the most oxygen-rich blood in the fetal circulation?

Umbilical vein

Umbilical vein carries blood to fetus from _____ where it is oxygenated.

placenta

The very first adaptation of the fetal pulmonary circulation to postnatal life after inspiration of air is which of the following?

Dilation of pulmonary arteries

Realistically, many things co-occur at the immediate transitions of first breath and post-natal life. Dilation of pulmonary arteries comes first because we must first establish a ___________ of the circulatory system in post-natal life.

low pressure side

The occurrence of tricuspid dysplasia results in a dysfuncitonal right AV valve and incomplete closure. The dysfunctional valve results in which of the following?

Volume overload in right ventricle