Cellular & Molecular Biology - Chapter 1

____ are the building blocks of all living tissues.

Cells

____ are generated only from pre-existing cells and inherit their characteristics.

Cells

What do all cells have in common?

the central dogma of molecular biology

What is the central dogma?

the flow of genetic material

Explain the central dogma sequence.

In all living cells, genetic information flows from DNA to RNA (transcription) and from RNA to protein (translation).

The sequence of nucleotides in a particular segment of ____ (a gene) is transcribed into an ____ molecule, which can then be translated into the linear sequence of amino acids of a _____. Only a small part of the gene, RNA, and protein are shown.

DNA, RNA, Protein

Explain the first part of the central dogma.

information storage “the hard drive”

Explain the second part of the central dogma.

temporary message “the cache”

Explain the third part of the central dogma.

functional units “the programs”

What does completing the central dogma mean?

Means you’re alive!

What is an exception to the central dogma?

Viruses

What do viruses have in common?

they can’t replicate without a host cell

Our genes hold the code, but it’s their ______ that determines function!

Expression

How big are cells?

Tiny!

What are cells measured in?

Micrometers (µm)

How does a light microscope work?

uses a light source

Can you see a lot with a light microscope?

no, can’t see much

What do phase-contrast optics mean?

cells glow!

a specialized type of fluorescence microscope that builds up an image by scanning the specimen with a laser beam

Confocal microscope

What is one of the most common microscopes used?

Confocal microscope

How does a confocal microscope work?

the beam is focused onto a single point at a specific depth in the specimen, and a pinhole aperture in the detector allows only fluorescence emitted from this same point to be included in the image

The transmission electron microscope is measured in?

Nanometers (nm)

What is the transmission electron microscope used for?

to see organelles

What microscope is so small, so uses electrons?

Transmission electron microscopy

Light microscope

Confocal microscope

• Small single cellular organisms

• Most diverse of all cells

• Can adapt to extreme environments

• Two domains: Bacteria or Archaea

• Many different sources of “food”

Prokaryote

Smaller

(Prokaryote or Eukaryote?)

Prokaryote

Don’t have organelles

(Prokaryote or Eukaryote?)

Prokaryote

Original cell

(Prokaryote or Eukaryote?)

Prokaryote

Most diverse, been around longer!

(Prokaryote or Eukaryote?)

Prokaryote

• Bigger, more elaborate organisms

• Can be:

  • Single cell organisms (yeast, amoebae)

  • Multi-Cellular (plants, animals, fungi)

• Always have a nucleus, organized, compartmentalized (membrane bound)

• Organelles conserved in most Eukaryotes

Eukaryote

Has full set of organelles

(Prokaryote or Eukaryote?)

Eukaryote

Anything multicellular is?

(Prokaryote or Eukaryote?)

Eukaryote

What is the most simple eukaryote?

Yeast

What allows eukaryotes to carry out big reactions?

Membrane

The plasma membrane is?

the fence

Where is DNA located?

inside of nucleus

Why do we have a nuclear membrane?

protects our DNA

What do ribosomes do?

turns messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein (factories!)

What oxidises food molecules to generate ATP: ‘cellular respiration’?

Mitochondria

Contain their own DNA and reproduce themselves (like bacteria!)

Mitochondria

Mitochondria evolved from _____ and looks exactly like it.

Bacteria

Mitochondria are ______.

Symbiotes

Explain this photo regarding mitochondria evolved from bacteria.

It is virtually certain that mitochondria originated from bacteria that were engulfed by an ancestral pre-eukaryotic cell and survived inside it, living in symbiosis with their host. Note that the double membrane of present day mitochondria is thought to have been derived from the plasma membrane and outer membrane of the engulfed bacterium.

It is virtually certain that mitochondria originated from bacteria that were engulfed by an _________ and survived inside it, living in symbiosis with their host. Note that the double membrane of present day mitochondria is thought to have been derived from the plasma membrane and outer membrane of the engulfed bacterium.

Ancestral pre-eukaryotic cell

It is virtually certain that mitochondria originated from bacteria that were engulfed by an ancestral pre-eukaryotic cell and survived inside it, living in symbiosis with their host. Note that the double membrane of present day mitochondria is thought to have been derived from the __________ and ________ of the engulfed _______.

Plasma membrane, outer membrane, bacterium

Eukaryotes likely evolved as a ______!

Predator

_______ _______ was the major breakthrough for eukaryotes!

Molecular cooperation

Eukaryotes have large flexible membrane and _______ for movement.

Cytoskeleton

Green organelles found in plants and algae.

Chloroplasts

converts sunlight into chemical energy (sugar)

Photosynthesis (happens in chloroplasts!)

Chloroplasts are ______.

endosymbiotic

Chloroplasts are found in…

eukaryotes that can synthesize

Chloroplasts are only found in ______.

Plants

Plants have both a _______ and a ______.

Mitochondria and chloroplast

Plants have a second endosymbiont that is chloroplast. What does this mean?

Chloroplasts are second to evolve.

All plants get mitochondria, then they get ______, which is the second endosymbiosis.

Chloroplasts

Did chloroplasts evolve from bacteria?

Yes

What is the highway of the cell?

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosome coated ER which makes proteins to be secreted

Rough ER (RER)

What is the smooth ER involved in?

Lipid synthesis

What does the golgi body do?

sorts proteins

Waste disposal system

Lysosomes

• Small irregular shaped

• Membrane bound

• House intracellular degradation

  • break down food and release back to cell

  • break down waste for recycling or excretion

Lysosomes

Stomachs of the cell —> breaking things down!

Lysosomes

Chemical plant

Peroxisomes

• small membrane enclosed vesicles

• Contained environment for H₂O₂ reactions

• H₂O₂ generated and degraded inside

Peroxisomes

Where is hydrogen peroxide located?

Peroxisomes

Keeps things organized and allows directed movement

Cytoskeleton

The organism that scientists have chosen as the ones that we’re all going to study, what we compare every organism to

Model organism

What model organism do we understand more thoroughly than any other organism?

Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)

What model organism has no nucleus and prokaryotic?

Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)

If you wanted to know how the drug you’re using affects the nucleus, could you use Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)?

No! No nucleus!

What model organism is a single cell eukaryote?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

If you wanted to see the drug’s effects in the nucleus but you want to study it rapidly dividing single cell model — then what model organism would be the best pick?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

What model organism is a common wall cress and plant?

Arabidopsis thaliana

What model organism has fruit flies?

Drosophila melanogaster

What model organism is associated with genetics and is famous for how genes interact?

Drosophila melanogaster

What model organism is the only organism where we completely mapped the brain?

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans)

What model organism do we know where every neuron is, which is very rare?

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans)

What model organism is good if you have complex questions about the brain?

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans)

What model organism is related to fetal alcohol syndrome?

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans)

What model organism is great for developmental studies?

Danio rerio

What model organism has zebrafish?

Danio rerio

When these are model organisms are babies, you can see right through them.

Danio rerio

You use this model organism to answer this question: “How does giving this drug affect a developing liver, spine, heart…”

Danio rerio

What is the most important model organism?

Homo sapiens

What two model organisms can have the same disease?

Homo sapiens and mus musculus

100% of prescribed drugs have been tested in ________.

Humans (Homo sapiens)

What model organism would we use for this question: “How does this drug affect how they interact with their friends?”

Mus musculus

Why are mice like humans?

relationships, same diseases, excellent study model

Do things that normal cells do.

(Primary cell culture or immortalized cell line?)

Primary cell culture

Mortal and harvest cells periodically.

(Primary cell culture or immortalized cell line?)

Primary cell culture

What is the first kind?

(Primary cell culture or immortalized cell line?)

Immortalized cell line

Not normal cells, can use forever.

(Primary cell culture or immortalized cell line?)

Immortalized cell line

ALL CANCER CELLS!

(Primary cell culture or immortalized cell line?)

Immortalized cell line