AP Human GEO FLASHCARDS

Agriculture

The purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to produce goods for survival.

Climate regions

Determining agriculture production based on temperature and precipitation.

Settlement Patterns

Different types include clustered, dispersed, and linear settlements.

Long Lot

French survey method mostly found along bodies of water, with elongated shapes.

Metes and Bounds

Survey method using landmarks, measured in paces and feet, found east of the Mississippi river.

Township and Range

Geometric survey method using longitude and latitude, found west of the Mississippi river.

First Agricultural Revolution

Transition from hunter-gatherer to farming societies, involving plant and animal domestication.

Subsistence Farming

Growing enough food to survive, including shifting cultivation methods.

Columbian Exchange

Global spread of plants and animals between the New and Old World.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Increased food production through new technology and techniques, leading to better diets and longer life expectancies.

Green Revolution

Utilizing high-yield seeds, chemicals, and mechanization in agriculture.

Agricultural Production Regions

Distinguishing between subsistence and commercial farming based on factors like labor force, machinery use, and farm size.

Mono-cropping

Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.

Bid Rent Theory

Determining farming practices based on land costs and accessibility.

Agribusiness

Businesses supporting the agricultural industry with goods and services.

Commodity Chain

Linked system converting resources into goods for distribution and sale.

Economic of Scale

Reduction in production cost per unit with increased volume.

Global System of Agriculture

Influence of resources, cultural practices, and global supply chains on agricultural practices.

Biotechnology

Involving genetically modified organisms for specific characteristics.

Fair-Trade

Movement providing fair prices to farmers in peripheral countries.

Urban Farming

Including community-supported agriculture for urban areas.

Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture

Addressing food insecurity, food deserts, and suburbanization impacting agricultural land.

Women in Agriculture

Varied roles in food production, distribution, and consumption based on location and production type.

Urbanization

Involves the buildup of central cities and suburban areas, driven by various factors like transportation, communication, and government policies.

Megacities

High-population cities with challenges like unplanned growth, pollution, and poverty.

World Cities

Centers of economic, cultural, and political activity controlling global finance and commerce.

Models of Urban Structure

Including Burgess concentric-zone, Hoyt sector, and Harris and Ullman multiple-nuclei models to explain city layouts.

Galactic City Model

Cities with a traditional downtown and various urban areas forming loose coalitions, including edge cities and entertainment, sports, education, R&D centers.

Disamenity Zone

High poverty urban areas in disadvantaged locations with inadequate infrastructure, often leading to the development of squatter settlements or shantytowns.

Southeast Asia City Model

Cities in Southeast Asia growing around ports without a clearly defined CBD, sharing elements of the Burgess concentric zone model.

Africa City Model

Cities in Africa with colonial, traditional, and market CBDs, high-income neighborhoods in CBDs, and squatter settlements on the outskirts near mining and manufacturing areas.

Residential Land Use

Classification of housing into low, medium, and high density categories, varying within and among cities, influenced by historical development and transportation advances.

Infilling

Redevelopment strategy focusing on developing vacant land within already built areas to promote efficient land use and urban revitalization.

Infrastructure

Systems and facilities necessary for a country to function properly, reflecting societal values and influencing economic and social development within cities.

Urban Sustainability

Initiatives promoting pollution control, economic prosperity, and equality, including sustainable design practices like New Urbanism, mixed land use, and transportation-oriented development.

Mixed Land Use

Urban planning approach where land is designated for multiple purposes such as residential, retail, education, and industry to minimize the need for travel outside the area.

Transportation Oriented Development

Development strategy creating dense, walkable communities near transit stations to encourage pedestrian activity and reduce reliance on cars.

Smart-Growth Policies

Policies aiming to create sustainable communities by placing development in convenient locations and promoting efficiency and environmental responsibility.

Greenbelts

Rings of open space around urban areas to limit sprawl, protect wildlife, and enhance residents' quality of life by providing opportunities to connect with nature.

Comparative Advantage

The cost advantage a country has in producing certain goods or services for trade, leading to specialization and efficient resource allocation.

Complementary Advantage

Mutual trade relationships between places based on the supply of raw materials and the demand for finished products or services, fostering trade partnerships.

Neoliberal Policies

Economic beliefs favoring free-market capitalism with minimal government intervention, including privatization, deregulation, and free trade agreements.