CSD Exam 3

Define fluency.

the smoothness of ones voice

What is a fluency DISORDER?

interruption in the flow of speech, like stuttering

What are the core behaviors of stuttering?

1. repetitions

2. prolongations

3. blocks

Define repetitions

repeating short words or parts of words that have only one syllable. (ex: "my-my-my")

Define prolongations

Sound or airflow continues but movement of articulators is stopped (ex: "wwwwwhat's that?")

Define blocks

Stoppage of airflow or voicing (ex: no sound is coming out)

Disfluency vs Dysfluency

Disfluency = normal (pausing between sentences, slipping on words ever so often) , no one can have 100% fluency

Dysfluency = problematic, disorder territory

what is incidence?

how many people who have stuttered at some point. (approx 5%)

What is the prevalence?

how many people stutter at a given time (approx. 7)

What are secondary behaviors?

learned behaviors that are triggered by the experience of stuttering or the anticipation of it

What is Escape as a secondary behavior?

when the speaker is stuttering and attempts to terminate the stutter and finish the word (ex. Eye blinks and head nods to snap out of it)

What is avoidance as a secondary behavior?

when the speaker anticipates a stutter and tries to avoid

(ex: changing the word or saying "uh")

Define voice.

primary means of emotional and linguistic expression (any word, phrase, or sentence that conveys meaning in a language)

What would be a voice disorder?

a deviation in voice quality, pitch, and/or loudness

What are the parameters of voice?

1. pitch

2. loudness

3. vocal quality

4. resonance

what is pitch?

-what the listener hears

-measured in hertz

What is loudness?

-the physical strength of a sound

-measured in decibles

What factors are associated with loudness?

◦ Increased airflow

◦ Increased glottal resistance

◦ Increased subglottal pressure

what is mono loudness?

lacks variety of loudness

what is quality?

-Pleasantness of laryngeal tone; free of distractions, melodic quality

- Perceptually measured by clinical judgment in general

what is flexibility?

-Ability to vary pitch, and loudness

-Perceptual correlate of frequency, intensity and complexity variations

what is resonance?

-Perceptual correlate of nasality

-Measured by presence or absence of nasality hyponasality and hypernasality

what does it mean to be HYPOnasality?

cold sounding, not enough air

what does it mean to be HYPERnasality?

fran the nanny, too much air

What systems undergird voice?

1. Repirtory system

2. Laryngeal/Phonatory System

3. Resonatory System

4. Articulatory System

Is aphonia (loss of voice) common?

In people who are "occupational voice users" it is.

What is a motor speech disorder?

problems of movement resulting from a neurological disorder or injury

What is dysarthria?

happens when nerve or muscle problems make it hard to control the muscles used for speaking. This can cause slurred, slow, or unclear speech.

what is apraxia?

neurological speech disorder that has to do with motor programing and sequencing

What's the difference between Apraxia, Aphasia, and Dysarthria?

Apraxia → Problem with the planning/programming of speech movements despite intact muscle strength.(dont know how to fix their mouth to pronounce the sound before saying the word)

Aphasia → Trouble with language (understanding or using words).

Dysarthria → Trouble controlling speech muscles.

Why are cranial nerves important for speech?

they control the muscles needed for speech and hearing (talking, breathing, and swallowing)

What treatments are used for motor speech disorder?

- Pausing/phrasing strategy

- Lee Silverman Voice Treatment: Focuses on speaking louder, intensive

- CPAP: continuous airway pressure, keeps airway open while you sleep

- Drill practice: Practicing the same word over and over

- Slowing speech rate: helpful for those with a stutter. drawing out word pronunciations

- Electropalatography (EPG): improve speech articulation by tracking tongue movement during speech.

- AAC- methods used to help people who have difficulty speaking or cannot speak at all. (technology, gestures)